Herein discussed is a method of producing hydrogen or carbon monoxide comprising introducing a waste gas having a total combustible species (TCS) content of no greater than 60 vol % into an electrochemical (EC) reactor, wherein the EC reactor comprises a mixed-conducting membrane, wherein the membrane comprises an electronically conducting phase and an ionically conducting phase. Also disclosed herein is an integrated hydrogen production system comprising a waste gas source and an electrochemical (EC) reactor comprising a mixed-conducting membrane, wherein the membrane comprises an electronically conducting phase and an ionically conducting phase, wherein the waste gas source is configured to send its exhaust to the EC reactor, wherein the exhaust has a total combustible species (TCS) content of no greater than 60 vol %.

Herein discussed is a method of producing hydrogen or carbon monoxide comprising introducing a waste gas having a total combustible species (TCS) content of no greater than 60 vol % into an electrochemical (EC) reactor, wherein the EC reactor comprises a mixed-conducting membrane, wherein the membrane comprises an electronically conducting phase and an ionically conducting phase. Also disclosed herein is an integrated hydrogen production system comprising a waste gas source and an electrochemical (EC) reactor comprising a mixed-conducting membrane, wherein the membrane comprises an electronically conducting phase and an ionically conducting phase, wherein the waste gas source is configured to send its exhaust to the EC reactor, wherein the exhaust has a total combustible species (TCS) content of no greater than 60 vol %.

A proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer component selected from at least one of a bipolar plate or porous transport layer has an electrically conductive and oxidatively stable coating of an electrically conductive metal nitride or an electrically conductive metal oxide on at least one surface thereof.

A proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer component selected from at least one of a bipolar plate or porous transport layer has an electrically conductive and oxidatively stable coating of an electrically conductive metal nitride or an electrically conductive metal oxide on at least one surface thereof.

Provided is a method of manufacturing MoS.sub.2 having a 1T crystal structure. The method includes performing phase transition from a 2H crystal structure of MoS.sub.2 to the 1T crystal structure by reacting MoS.sub.2 having the 2H crystal structure with CO gas. The phase transition includes annealing the MoS.sub.2 having the 2H crystal structure in an atmosphere including CO gas.

Provided is a method of manufacturing MoS.sub.2 having a 1T crystal structure. The method includes performing phase transition from a 2H crystal structure of MoS.sub.2 to the 1T crystal structure by reacting MoS.sub.2 having the 2H crystal structure with CO gas. The phase transition includes annealing the MoS.sub.2 having the 2H crystal structure in an atmosphere including CO gas.

A hydrogen electrode includes: a first layer; and a second layer located on the side of the electrolyte membrane relative to the first layer. The first layer is formed of a sintered body of a first metal and a first oxide. The second layer is formed of a sintered body of a second metal and a second oxide different from the first oxide. The first metal and the second metal each are a single metal of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu or an alloy of the element. The first oxide is zirconia stabilized with an oxide of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Y, Sc, Ca, and Mg. The second oxide is ceria doped with an oxide of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Sm, Gd, and Y.

A hydrogen electrode includes: a first layer; and a second layer located on the side of the electrolyte membrane relative to the first layer. The first layer is formed of a sintered body of a first metal and a first oxide. The second layer is formed of a sintered body of a second metal and a second oxide different from the first oxide. The first metal and the second metal each are a single metal of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Fe, Co, Ni, and Cu or an alloy of the element. The first oxide is zirconia stabilized with an oxide of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Y, Sc, Ca, and Mg. The second oxide is ceria doped with an oxide of at least one element selected from the group consisting of Sm, Gd, and Y.

Herein discussed is a method of producing hydrogen comprising introducing a metal smelter effluent gas or a basic oxygen furnace (BOF) effluent gas or a mixture thereof into an electrochemical (EC) reactor, wherein the EC reactor comprises a mixed-conducting membrane. In an embodiment, the method comprises introducing steam into the EC reactor on one side of the membrane, wherein the effluent gas is on the opposite side of the membrane, wherein the effluent gas and the steam are separated by the membrane and do not come in contact with each other.

The invention pertains to a method for efficiently spitting water into hydrogen and oxygen using a nanocomposite that includes ((BiVO.sub.4).sub.x—(TiO.sub.2).sub.1-x, wherein x ranges from 0.08 to 0.12, and optionally silver nanoparticles; methods for making a nanocomposite used in this method by a simple solvothermal method; and to photoanodes and photoelectrochemical cells and devices containing the nanocomposites.