A preparative method for carboxylic acids is disclosed in the present invention. The method is characterized in that: compounds (II) are reacted in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and base to produce target products (I), as represented by the following reaction scheme: wherein R.sup.1 is aryl, pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, benzothienyl, benzofuranyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, thiadiazolyl, C.sub.1-6 alkyl, C.sub.3-6 cycloalkyl, C.sub.2-6 alkenyl, C.sub.2-6 alkynyl and hydrogen; R.sup.2 is alkoxycarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, aminocarbonyl, alkylthiolcarbonyl, cyano, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, carbonyl, aldehyde, carboxyl, nitro, alkyl and hydrogen; R.sup.3 is alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl amido carbonyl, aminocarbonyl, cyano, sulfonyl, sulfinyl, carbonyl, carboxyl and nitro. The present invention has the following main benefits: cheap and readily available starting materials, safe processes, high yield, good quality, which facilitates industrial production.

The present disclosure provides methods of synthesizing a compound of Formula (P)-I. The method proceeds through several different pathways including several novel chiral separations, a Sonogashira coupling, a zinc mediated reductive cyanation, as well as through various halide containing intermediates. Also disclosed is the multi-kilogram preparation of several novel intermediates.

The subject invention concerns a method for identifying complementary chemical functionalities to form a desired supramolecular synthon. The subject invention also pertains to multiple-component phase compositions comprising one or more pharmaceutical entities and methods for producing such compositions.

The subject invention concerns a method for identifying complementary chemical functionalities to form a desired supramolecular synthon. The subject invention also pertains to multiple-component phase compositions comprising one or more pharmaceutical entities and methods for producing such compositions.

The present disclosure relates to an electron transfer mediator comprising the osmium complex or a salt thereof, a reagent composition for an electrochemical biosensor, and an electrochemical biosensor, where the osmium compound or its salt maintains a stable oxidation-reduction form for an extended time period, a capacity to react with oxidoreductase being capable of performing the redox reaction of the target analytes, and no effect of oxygen partial pressure.

The disclosure features methods of analyzing a fluid extracted from a reservoir, the methods including introducing a first composition featuring a first complexing agent into a reservoir at a first location, extracting a fluid from the reservoir at a second location different from the first location, combining the fluid with a second composition featuring a concentration of a lanthanide ion to form a third composition featuring a concentration of a complex formed by the first complexing agent and the lanthanide ion, exposing a quantity of the complex to electromagnetic radiation for a first time period ending at a time to, detecting fluorescence emission from the quantity of the complex for a second time period starting at a time t.sub.1>t.sub.0, where t.sub.1−t.sub.0 is greater than 2 microseconds, and determining information about a fluid flow path between the first location and the second location.

The disclosure features methods of analyzing a fluid extracted from a reservoir, the methods including introducing a first composition featuring a first complexing agent into a reservoir at a first location, extracting a fluid from the reservoir at a second location different from the first location, combining the fluid with a second composition featuring a concentration of a lanthanide ion to form a third composition featuring a concentration of a complex formed by the first complexing agent and the lanthanide ion, exposing a quantity of the complex to electromagnetic radiation for a first time period ending at a time to, detecting fluorescence emission from the quantity of the complex for a second time period starting at a time t.sub.1>t.sub.0, where t.sub.1−t.sub.0 is greater than 2 microseconds, and determining information about a fluid flow path between the first location and the second location.

Methods for preparing 5-fluoro-6-(bromo or chloro)picloram analogs, or derivatives thereof, from picloram acid, picloram ester, or the nitrile analog of picloram are provided. The methods include chemical process steps that: (1) introduce a phthaloyl group onto the 4-amino substituent of picloram acid, picloram ester, or the nitrile analog of picloram, (2) add 2 fluorine atoms at the 5,6-positions of the pyridine ring using halex fluorination chemistry, (3) remove the phthaloyl group, hydrolyze the ester or nitrile substituent, and add chlorine or bromine to the 6-position by treatment with an acid and water, and finally, (4) esterify the 5-fluoro-6-(bromo or chloro)picloram acid produced in step (3) to a 5-fluoro-6-(bromo or chloro)picloram ester.

The present invention provides a novel processes for preparation of methyl 3-(benzyloxy)-5-(2,4-difluorobenzylcarbamoyl)-4-oxo-1-(2-oxoethyl)-1,4-dihydropyiridine-2-carboxylate using novel intermediates.

The present invention provides a novel processes for preparation of methyl 3-(benzyloxy)-5-(2,4-difluorobenzylcarbamoyl)-4-oxo-1-(2-oxoethyl)-1,4-dihydropyiridine-2-carboxylate using novel intermediates.