The present invention relates to the field of luminescent crystals (LCs), and more specifically to Quantum Dots (QDs) of formula A.sup.1.sub.aM.sup.2.sub.bX.sub.c, wherein the substituents are as defined in the specification. The invention provides methods of manufacturing such luminescent crystals, particularly by dispersing suitable starting materials in the presence of a liquid and by the aid of milling balls; to compositions comprising luminescent crystals and to electronic devices, decorative coatings; and to components comprising luminescent crystals.

The present invention relates to the field of luminescent crystals (LCs), and more specifically to Quantum Dots (QDs) of formula A.sup.1.sub.aM.sup.2.sub.bX.sub.c, wherein the substituents are as defined in the specification. The invention provides methods of manufacturing such luminescent crystals, particularly by dispersing suitable starting materials in the presence of a liquid and by the aid of milling balls; to compositions comprising luminescent crystals and to electronic devices, decorative coatings; and to components comprising luminescent crystals.

A lithium secondary battery includes a positive electrode; a negative electrode; and an electrolyte disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein the positive electrode includes a positive active material represented by Formula 1, and the electrolyte includes a lithium salt; a non-aqueous solvent; and a phosphite compound represented by Formula 2, wherein the phosphite compound is present in amount of about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt % based on a total weight of the electrolyte:
Li.sub.xNi.sub.yM.sub.1-yO.sub.2-zA.sub.zFormula 1 ##STR00001## wherein, in Formula 1, 0.9x1.2, 0.7y0.98, and 0z<0.2; M comprises Al, Mg, Mn, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, B, Ca, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sr, Sb, W, Bi, or a combination thereof; and A is an element having an oxidation number of 1 or 2; wherein in Formula 2, R.sub.1 to R.sub.3 are independently an unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.30 alkyl group or an unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group.

A lithium secondary battery includes a positive electrode; a negative electrode; and an electrolyte disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, wherein the positive electrode includes a positive active material represented by Formula 1, and the electrolyte includes a lithium salt; a non-aqueous solvent; and a phosphite compound represented by Formula 2, wherein the phosphite compound is present in amount of about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt % based on a total weight of the electrolyte:
Li.sub.xNi.sub.yM.sub.1-yO.sub.2-zA.sub.zFormula 1 ##STR00001## wherein, in Formula 1, 0.9x1.2, 0.7y0.98, and 0z<0.2; M comprises Al, Mg, Mn, Co, Fe, Cr, V, Ti, Cu, B, Ca, Zn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Sr, Sb, W, Bi, or a combination thereof; and A is an element having an oxidation number of 1 or 2; wherein in Formula 2, R.sub.1 to R.sub.3 are independently an unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.30 alkyl group or an unsubstituted C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group.

The invention relates to degradation of organophosphate neurotoxins with molybdenum complexes. In particular, the degradation of phosphate ester neurotoxins can be performed with molybdenum peroxo complexes resulting in recoverable phosphorus-containing compounds.

The invention relates to degradation of organophosphate neurotoxins with molybdenum complexes. In particular, the degradation of phosphate ester neurotoxins can be performed with molybdenum peroxo complexes resulting in recoverable phosphorus-containing compounds.

An object of the present invention is to provide a method of purifying a phosphorus compound, which method is capable of reducing the generation of a by-product during distillation. The method of method of purifying a phosphorus compound according to the present invention includes the steps of: obtaining a mixture containing a specific phosphorus compound, a specific alkenyl phosphorus compound and a transition metal complex; and subjecting the resulting mixture to distillation after adding a Lewis acid to the mixture, to obtain a first distillate containing the specific phosphorus compound.

Provided is a method for producing an alkenyl phosphorus compound which can produce an alkenyl phosphorus compound efficiently even with a smaller amount of a catalyst used than that used conventionally, and further which can maintain catalytic activity to produce an alkenyl phosphorus compound in high yield even at a larger reaction scale, and which can also be applied to quantity synthesis at an industrial scale using a conventional batch reactor or continuous reactor. A method for producing an alkenyl phosphorus compound, comprising: a step of reacting a compound represented by the following formula (1): ##STR00001## [In formula (1), R.sup.1 represents OR.sup.3 or R.sup.3, R.sup.2 represents OR.sup.4 or R.sup.4, and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 represent, for example, each independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.] with a compound represented by the following formula (2): ##STR00002## [In formula (2), R.sup.5 represents, for example, a hydrogen atom, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.] to produce the phosphorus alkenyl compound presented by at least any of the following formulas (3a) or (3b): ##STR00003## [In formulas (3a) and (3b), R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 have the same meaning as defined in formula (1), and R.sup.5 has the same meaning as defined in formula (2).], In which the compound represented by formula (1) is reacted with the compound represented by formula (2) using a transition metal catalyst, and a phosphorus oxo acid compound having an intramolecular PH bond.

Provided is a method for producing an alkenyl phosphorus compound which can produce an alkenyl phosphorus compound efficiently even with a smaller amount of a catalyst used than that used conventionally, and further which can maintain catalytic activity to produce an alkenyl phosphorus compound in high yield even at a larger reaction scale, and which can also be applied to quantity synthesis at an industrial scale using a conventional batch reactor or continuous reactor.

A method for producing an alkenyl phosphorus compound, comprising: a step of reacting a compound represented by the following formula (1):

##STR00001## [In formula (1), R.sup.1 represents OR.sup.3 or R.sup.3, R.sup.2 represents OR.sup.4 or R.sup.4, and R.sup.3 and R.sup.4 represent, for example, each independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.] with a compound represented by the following formula (2):

R.sup.5CCH(2) [In formula (2), R.sup.5 represents, for example, a hydrogen atom, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.] to produce the phosphorus alkenyl compound presented by at least any of the following formulas (3a) or (3b):

##STR00002## [In formulas (3a) and (3b), R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 have the same meaning as defined in formula (1), and R.sup.5 has the same meaning as defined in formula (2).],

In which the compound represented by formula (1) is reacted with the compound represented by formula (2) using a transition metal catalyst, and a phosphorus oxo acid compound having an intramolecular PH bond.

Flame retardant material comprising a compound of empirical formula (III) ##STR00001## wherein R is H, an alkyl, aryl, alkylaryl, or arylalkyl group; M is a metal and y is 3, such that M.sup.(+)y is a metal cation where (+)y represents the charge formally assigned to the cation; a, b, and c represent the ratio of the components to which they correspond relative to one another in the compound, and satisfy a charge-balance equation 2(a)+c=b(y); and a and c are not zero. The presently disclosed flame retardants are useful, for example, in polymer compositions, particularly thermoplastics processed at high temperatures, over a wide range of applications.