The present invention is concerned with a nonaqueous electrolytic solution having an electrolyte salt dissolved in a nonaqueous solvent, the nonaqueous electrolytic solution containing a compound represented by the following general formula (X), in which a polar group (X) is bound to a phosphorus atom (P), and capable of improving electrochemical characteristics in a broad temperature range; an energy storage device using the same; and a novel compound.

##STR00001##

In the formula, R.sup.10 and R.sup.20 are each independently an organic group selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 3 to 6 carbon atoms, and an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms, or a lithium atom; and X is a polar group (i) containing a —C(═O) group, a —P(═O) group, or an —S(═O).sub.2 group, a polar group (ii) containing a —CN group or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, in which a part of hydrogen atoms is substituted with a fluorine atom, or a 4- to 7-membered ring polar group (iii) containing a —C(═O)—O— group or a —C(═O)—N— group, provided that when X is a 4- to 7-membered ring polar group (iii) containing a —C(═O)—N— group, at least one of R.sup.10 and R.sup.20 is a lithium atom.

Certain phosphonic acid salts heated at temperatures over 200° C. generate thermally stable, highly efficient flame retardant materials well suited for use as flame retardant additives in polymers. The flame retardants of the invention can be used as the sole flame retardant in a composition or in combination with other flame retardants, synergists or adjuvants.

Endosseous implant to be applied to a human or animal bone, wherein the surface of the implant is made from titanium or a titanium alloy, said implant having a smooth or rough surface texture, which is characterized in that said surface has been treated with at least one selected organic phosphonate compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester or an amide thereof; process for producing said implants.

To provide an electrochromic compound, represented by the following general formula (I), where Ar.sub.1 is a pyridinium ring having a structure represented by the following general formula (IIa), (IIb), or (IIc), where Ar.sub.2 is a monovalent heterocyclic ring which may have a substituent, but Ar.sub.2 is not a pyridinium ring; R.sub.1 to R.sub.8 are each independently a monovalent group which may have a functional group, where the monovalent group may have a substituent; A is a monovalent group which may have a functional group, where the monovalent group may have a substituent; and B.sup.− is a monovalent anion.

##STR00001##

Methods and compounds are disclosed for treating a disease or condition by inhibiting PSMA (Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen) using prodrugs of 2-PMPA.

An article that can be used for biomaterial capture comprises (a) a porous substrate; and (b) borne on the porous substrate, a polymer comprising interpolymerized units of at least one monomer consisting of (1) at least one monovalent ethylenically unsaturated group, (2) at least one monovalent ligand functional group selected from acidic groups, basic groups other than guanidino, and salts thereof, and (3) a multivalent spacer group that is directly bonded to the monovalent groups so as to link at least one ethylenically unsaturated group and at least one ligand functional group by a chain of at least six catenated atoms.

The invention relates to a method for producing ethylenedialkylphosphinic acids, esters and salts, and to the use thereof as flame retardants. The claimed method is characterised in that •a) a phosphinic acid source (I) is reacted with olefins (IV) in the presence of catalyst A so as to obtain an alkylphosphonous acid, salt or ester (II) thereof, and •b) the alkylphosphonous acid, salt or ester (II) thereof obtained in this manner is reacted with acetylenic compound (V) in the presence of catalyst B in order to obtain the ethylenedialkylphosphinic acid derivative (III), •catalyst A being transition metals and/or transition metal compounds and/or catalyst systems composed of a transition metal and/or a transition metal compound and at least one ligand •and catalyst B being electromagnetic radiation.

##STR00001##

Flame retardants produced by heating certain phosphonic acid salts at temperatures over 200° C. are readily compounded into high temperature polyamides that are processed at temperatures above 270° C. to provide flame retardant, high temperature polyamide compositions.

A nanocrystal represented by the following Formula 1 and a preparation method thereof:

AMX.sub.3L   Formula 1 wherein A is cesium (Cs), rubidium (Rb), or an ammonium salt, M is germanium (Ge), tin (Sn), or lead (Pb), X is one or more selected from Cl, Br and I, and L is an organic functional group having one terminal selected from a phosphonic acid group, a carboxylic acid group, and an amino group.

Amines and amine derivatives that improve the buffering range, and/or reduce the chelation and other negative interactions of the buffer and the system to be buffered. The reaction of amines or polyamines with various molecules to form polyamines with differing pKa's will extend the buffering range, derivatives that result in polyamines that have the same pKa yields a greater buffering capacity. Derivatives that result in zwitterionic buffers improve yield by allowing a greater range of stability.