Amines and amine derivatives that improve the buffering range, and/or reduce the chelation and other negative interactions of the buffer and the system to be buffered. The reaction of amines or polyamines with various molecules to form polyamines with differing pKa's will extend the buffering range, derivatives that result in polyamines that have the same pKa yields a greater buffering capacity. Derivatives that result in zwitterionic buffers improve yield by allowing a greater range of stability.

Amines and amine derivatives that improve the buffering range, and/or reduce the chelation and other negative interactions of the buffer and the system to be buffered. The reaction of amines or polyamines with various molecules to form polyamines with differing pKa's will extend the buffering range, derivatives that result in polyamines that have the same pKa yields a greater buffering capacity. Derivatives that result in zwitterionic buffers improve yield by allowing a greater range of stability.

A light-emitting device includes: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode and comprising an emission layer, wherein the interlayer further includes an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode, the electron transport region includes a first compound of Formula 1 and a second compound of Formula 2, the first compound and the second compound are different from each other, and the second compound includes at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group, where Formulae 1 and 2 are described herein.

##STR00001##

Disclosed herein is a salt of formula I: where R.sup.1, X, n, R, R.sup.1, Y, m, p, q, Z and o are as defined herein. Also disclosed herein are methods of using said salts in chemical synthesis, such as to prepare compounds isotopically enriched in 18F for use in PET & imaging, as well as methods to make the compounds of formula I.

##STR00001##

Disclosed herein is a salt of formula I: where R.sup.1, X, n, R, R.sup.1, Y, m, p, q, Z and o are as defined herein. Also disclosed herein are methods of using said salts in chemical synthesis, such as to prepare compounds isotopically enriched in 18F for use in PET & imaging, as well as methods to make the compounds of formula I.

The invention relates to substituted pyridine derivatives that are inhibitors of the activity of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds and methods of using such compounds in the treatment of cancer, pre-cancerous syndromes, beta haemoglobinopathy disorders, and other diseases associated with inappropriate DNMT1 activity.

The invention relates to substituted pyridine derivatives that are inhibitors of the activity of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1). The invention also relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds and methods of using such compounds in the treatment of cancer, pre-cancerous syndromes, beta haemoglobinopathy disorders, and other diseases associated with inappropriate DNMT1 activity.

The present invention provides a method for efficiently manufacturing a phosphonate ester by phosphonylating an alcohol under mild conditions, and a method for manufacturing a phosphate ester. In the method for manufacturing a phosphonate ester of the present invention, a compound represented by the formula (1) is reacted with a compound represented by the formula (2) in the presence of a zinc catalyst to obtain a compound represented by the formula (3).

##STR00001##

X represents an organic group. R.sup.1 represents an alkyl group. R.sup.2 represents an organic group.

The present invention provides a method for efficiently manufacturing a phosphonate ester by phosphonylating an alcohol under mild conditions, and a method for manufacturing a phosphate ester. In the method for manufacturing a phosphonate ester of the present invention, a compound represented by the formula (1) is reacted with a compound represented by the formula (2) in the presence of a zinc catalyst to obtain a compound represented by the formula (3).

##STR00001##

X represents an organic group. R.sup.1 represents an alkyl group. R.sup.2 represents an organic group.

Compounds are provided that are useful as immunomodulators. The compounds have the following Formula (II):

##STR00001## including stereoisomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2a, R.sup.2b, R.sup.2c, R.sup.3, R.sup.4, R.sup.6a, R.sup.6b, m and n are as defined herein. Methods associated with preparation and use of such compounds, as well as pharmaceutical compositions comprising such compounds, are also disclosed.