An object of the present invention is to provide a toner binder and a toner that maintains offset resistance while having high gloss and that is excellent in low-temperature fixability, grindability, image strength, and heat-resistant storage stability. The toner binder of the present invention is a toner binder containing a non-linear polyester modified resin (A), wherein the non-linear polyester modified resin (A) is a modified resin having one or more carbon-carbon bonds crosslinking polyesters, and the toner binder has a loss tangent tan of 2 to 20 in the entire temperature range of 110 C. to 130 C.

An object of the present invention is to provide a toner binder and a toner that maintains offset resistance while having high gloss and that is excellent in low-temperature fixability, grindability, image strength, and heat-resistant storage stability. The toner binder of the present invention is a toner binder containing a non-linear polyester modified resin (A), wherein the non-linear polyester modified resin (A) is a modified resin having one or more carbon-carbon bonds crosslinking polyesters, and the toner binder has a loss tangent tan of 2 to 20 in the entire temperature range of 110 C. to 130 C.

Provided are a monofunctional phenolic compound used for producing an active ester resin capable of forming a cured product having excellent dielectric properties and excellent heat resistance, an active ester resin and a method for producing the active ester resin, and a thermosetting resin composition and a cured product of the thermosetting resin composition. Specifically, provided are a monofunctional phenolic compound including one or more vinylbenzyl groups and an active ester resin including a vinylbenzyl structure attached to a terminal group of the molecular chain and derived from the monofunctional phenolic compound. The vinylbenzyl structure preferably includes a vinylbenzyl-modified aryloxycarbonyl group.

Provided are a monofunctional phenolic compound used for producing an active ester resin capable of forming a cured product having excellent dielectric properties and excellent heat resistance, an active ester resin and a method for producing the active ester resin, and a thermosetting resin composition and a cured product of the thermosetting resin composition. Specifically, provided are a monofunctional phenolic compound including one or more vinylbenzyl groups and an active ester resin including a vinylbenzyl structure attached to a terminal group of the molecular chain and derived from the monofunctional phenolic compound. The vinylbenzyl structure preferably includes a vinylbenzyl-modified aryloxycarbonyl group.

A nail polish composition containing a crosslinkable coating composition. The composition comprises ingredient A that has at least two protons that can be activated to form a Michael carbanion donor; ingredient B that functions as a Michael acceptor having at least two ethylenically unsaturated functionalities each activated by an electron-withdrawing group; and a carbonate initiator of Formula (1)

##STR00001##

wherein R.sub.7 is selected from hydrogen, a linear or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 22 carbon atoms; 1 to 8 carbon atoms; 1 to 3 carbon atoms; and A.sup.n+ is a cationic species or polymer and n is an integer equal or greater than 1 with the proviso that A.sup.n+ is not an acidic hydrogen; at least one colorant independently selected from the group consisting of (i) a dye; (ii) an inorganic pigment; or an (iii) a lake; and optionally further comprising ammonium carbamate (H.sub.2NR.sub.8R.sub.9+OCONR.sub.8R.sub.9), wherein R.sub.8 R.sub.9 are each independently selected from hydrogen, a linear or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 22 carbon atoms; 1 to 8 carbon atoms; 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

A coating composition containing a crosslinkable coating composition. The coating system comprises: ingredient A that has at least two protons that can be activated to form a Michael carbanion donor; ingredient B that functions as a Michael acceptor having at least two ethylenically unsaturated functionalities each activated by an electron-withdrawing group; and a catalyst system. In one embodiment, the catalyst system comprises diethyl carbonate, quaternary ammonium hydroxide or quaternary ammonium alkoxide, ethanol and 4-6 wt. % water. In another embodiment, the catalyst system comprises carbon dioxide, quaternary ammonium hydroxide or quaternary ammonium alkoxide, ethanol and 2-4 wt. % water. In certain embodiments, the coating composition optionally further comprising ammonium carbamate (H.sub.2NR.sub.8R.sub.9+OCONR.sub.8R.sub.9), wherein R.sub.8R.sub.9 are each independently selected from hydrogen, a linear or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 22 carbon atoms; 1 to 8 carbon atoms; 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

A coating composition containing a crosslinkable coating composition. The coating system comprises: ingredient A that has at least two protons that can be activated to form a Michael carbanion donor; ingredient B that functions as a Michael acceptor having at least two ethylenically unsaturated functionalities each activated by an electron-withdrawing group; and a catalyst system. In one embodiment, the catalyst system comprises diethyl carbonate, quaternary ammonium hydroxide or quaternary ammonium alkoxide, ethanol and 4-6 wt. % water. In another embodiment, the catalyst system comprises carbon dioxide, quaternary ammonium hydroxide or quaternary ammonium alkoxide, ethanol and 2-4 wt. % water. In certain embodiments, the coating composition optionally further comprising ammonium carbamate (H.sub.2NR.sub.8R.sub.9+OCONR.sub.8R.sub.9), wherein R.sub.8R.sub.9 are each independently selected from hydrogen, a linear or branched substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 22 carbon atoms; 1 to 8 carbon atoms; 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

The present invention relates to a plasticizer composition containing at least one polymeric dicarboxylic acid ester and at least one dicarboxylic acid diester, to molding compounds containing a thermoplastic polymer or an elastomer and such a plasticizer composition, and to the use of said plasticizer compositions and molding compounds.

The present invention relates to a plasticizer composition containing at least one polymeric dicarboxylic acid ester and at least one dicarboxylic acid diester, to molding compounds containing a thermoplastic polymer or an elastomer and such a plasticizer composition, and to the use of said plasticizer compositions and molding compounds.

A polyester polyol includes a reaction product obtained from: (i) a polyol including 3 or more hydroxyl groups; (ii) a dicarboxylic acid or an anhydride thereof that includes 3 carbon atoms or fewer between the carboxylic acid groups or the anhydride thereof; (iii) a monocarboxylic acid or an anhydride thereof; (iv) optionally a diol; and (v) optionally a dicarboxylic acid or an anhydride thereof that includes greater than 3 carbons between the carboxylic acid groups or the anhydride thereof. A molar ratio of (i)+(iv) to (ii)+(v) ranges from 1.08:1 to 1.75:1, and a molar ratio of (i)+(iv) to (iii) ranges from 1.25:1 to 4:1. The reaction product has a hydroxyl value of from 60 to 300 mg KOH/g, and an acid value of less than 15 mg KOH/g.