A resin composition is provided. The resin composition comprises an epoxy resin with at least two epoxy groups in each molecule, and a first hardener of the following formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein R.sub.11, R.sub.12, R.sub.13, R.sub.14, R.sub.15, R.sub.16, and n are as defined in the specification.

A resin composition is provided. The resin composition comprises an epoxy resin with at least two epoxy groups in each molecule, and a first hardener of the following formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein R.sub.11, R.sub.12, R.sub.13, R.sub.14, R.sub.15, R.sub.16, and n are as defined in the specification.

A resin composition is provided. The resin composition comprises an epoxy resin with at least two epoxy groups in each molecule, and a first hardener of the following formula (I):

##STR00001##

wherein R.sub.11, R.sub.12, R.sub.13, R.sub.14, R.sub.15, R.sub.16, and n are as defined in the specification.

A curable coating composition comprising a latex having a reactive functional group and phosphorus acid is disclosed; the coating can be substantially free of crosslinker. Such a coating on a package is also disclosed.

A method of making a coated article is described comprising providing an inorganic substrate and coating the substrate with a coating composition. The coating composition comprises a plurality of siloxane nanoparticles dispersed in an organic solvent. A portion of the nanoparticles comprise the reaction product of a first alkoxy silane compound having a first organofunctional group and a second organofunctional group of a second compound and the reaction between the first and second organofunctional groups form an organic linking group. The method further comprises drying the coating composition and heating the coated substrate to volatilize the organic linking groups thereby forming a porous surface layer on the inorganic substrate. In another embodiment an article is described comprising an inorganic substrate, such as glass, and a porous inorganic (e.g. silica) surface layer having an average pore size of less than 30 nm. Also described are coating compositions and methods of making a nanoparticle coating compositions.

A poly(vinyl phosphonate) amine salt flame retardant compound and methods of preparation. Flame retarded resin compositions containing poly(vinyl phosphonate) amine salts are also provided.

A poly(vinyl phosphonate) amine salt flame retardant compound and methods of preparation. Flame retarded resin compositions containing poly(vinyl phosphonate) amine salts are also provided.

An object of the present invention is to provide an epoxy resin composition which can be suitably used in prepreg and fiber-reinforced composite material applications, and which has an excellent strength, elastic modulus, elastic modulus under hot wet conditions and heat resistance after moisture absorption. The gist of the present invention is an epoxy resin composition including the following components [A], [B] and [C]: [A]: an epoxy resin, [B]: an amine curing agent, and [C]: a phosphate ester compound having a molecular weight of 250 or less; wherein the epoxy resin composition satisfies the following requirements (1) and (2): (1): the epoxy resin composition includes 1 part by mass or more and 15 parts by mass or less of the component [C] with respect to 100 parts by mass of the component [A]; and (2): the component [A] has an average epoxy equivalent of 160 g/eq or less.

An object of the present invention is to provide an epoxy resin composition which can be suitably used in prepreg and fiber-reinforced composite material applications, and which has an excellent strength, elastic modulus, elastic modulus under hot wet conditions and heat resistance after moisture absorption. The gist of the present invention is an epoxy resin composition including the following components [A], [B] and [C]: [A]: an epoxy resin, [B]: an amine curing agent, and [C]: a phosphate ester compound having a molecular weight of 250 or less; wherein the epoxy resin composition satisfies the following requirements (1) and (2): (1): the epoxy resin composition includes 1 part by mass or more and 15 parts by mass or less of the component [C] with respect to 100 parts by mass of the component [A]; and (2): the component [A] has an average epoxy equivalent of 160 g/eq or less.

Epoxy resin compositions that include oligomeric phosphonates, carbodiimides, carbodiimides and phenolic antioxidants or phosphite antioxidants, oligomeric phosphonates and carbodiimides, or oligomeric phosphonates, carbodiimides, and phenolic antioxidants or phosphite antioxidants and exhibit improved glass transition temperature, improved heat resistance, and improved flame retardancy are described herein.