A post-ALD in-situ water treatment procedure is used to remove the ligand residues in amorphous TiO.sub.2 films coated on photoanode material to improve the film stoichiometry without introducing any additional crystallization. The processed amorphous TiO.sub.2 film showed drastically improved chemical stability, and thereby substantially elongated the lifetime of silicon-based photoanodes in alkaline electrolyte.

A post-ALD in-situ water treatment procedure is used to remove the ligand residues in amorphous TiO.sub.2 films coated on photoanode material to improve the film stoichiometry without introducing any additional crystallization. The processed amorphous TiO.sub.2 film showed drastically improved chemical stability, and thereby substantially elongated the lifetime of silicon-based photoanodes in alkaline electrolyte.

The invention relates to a process for the oxidation of carbon-containing organic compounds where the said compounds have at least one bond with a bond order >1, wherein an oxidizing of these carbon-containing organic compounds to be oxidized is performed with electrochemically generated COO oxidizing agents, in particular peroxodicarbonate. Also described is the use of COO oxidizing agents generated electrochemically from carbonate, in particular peroxodicarbonate, as oxidizing agents for the oxidation of carbon-containing organic compounds, in particular carbon-containing organic compounds where the said compounds have at least one bond with a bond order >1. Finally, an arrangement for the oxidation of carbon-containing organic compounds is provided, comprising a first unit for the electrochemical preparation of COO oxidizing agents generated electrochemically from carbonate, in particular peroxodicarbonate, and a second unit for the oxidizing of the carbon-containing organic compound with the COO oxidizing agent generated electrochemically from carbonate, in particular peroxodicarbonate. In this case, these two units are connected to one another in such a way that an ex situ generated oxidizing agent can be fed to the second unit.

The invention relates to a process for the oxidation of carbon-containing organic compounds where the said compounds have at least one bond with a bond order >1, wherein an oxidizing of these carbon-containing organic compounds to be oxidized is performed with electrochemically generated COO oxidizing agents, in particular peroxodicarbonate. Also described is the use of COO oxidizing agents generated electrochemically from carbonate, in particular peroxodicarbonate, as oxidizing agents for the oxidation of carbon-containing organic compounds, in particular carbon-containing organic compounds where the said compounds have at least one bond with a bond order >1. Finally, an arrangement for the oxidation of carbon-containing organic compounds is provided, comprising a first unit for the electrochemical preparation of COO oxidizing agents generated electrochemically from carbonate, in particular peroxodicarbonate, and a second unit for the oxidizing of the carbon-containing organic compound with the COO oxidizing agent generated electrochemically from carbonate, in particular peroxodicarbonate. In this case, these two units are connected to one another in such a way that an ex situ generated oxidizing agent can be fed to the second unit.

Composite anion exchange membranes are described. The composite anion exchange membranes comprise an anion exchange polymer containing a hydrogen recombination catalyst dispersed in the anion exchange polymer. The anion exchange membrane may also include a radical scavenger. The anion exchange polymer comprises a plurality of repeating units of formula (I)

##STR00001##

Catalyst coated membranes and membrane electrode assemblies made using the composite anion exchange membranes are also described.

Composite anion exchange membranes are described. The composite anion exchange membranes comprise an anion exchange polymer containing a hydrogen recombination catalyst dispersed in the anion exchange polymer. The anion exchange membrane may also include a radical scavenger. The anion exchange polymer comprises a plurality of repeating units of formula (I)

##STR00001##

Catalyst coated membranes and membrane electrode assemblies made using the composite anion exchange membranes are also described.

The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes a silicon layer having a first surface and a ZnTiN.sub.2 layer having a second surface, where the first surface and the second surface are physically in contact, and the composition is capable of photovoltaic properties when irradiated with light having a wavelength less than 1200 nm.

The present disclosure relates to a composition that includes a silicon layer having a first surface and a ZnTiN.sub.2 layer having a second surface, where the first surface and the second surface are physically in contact, and the composition is capable of photovoltaic properties when irradiated with light having a wavelength less than 1200 nm.