The present invention relates to the application of high electrical conductivity electrodes in whatever type of the electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen to substantially reduce power consumption. The high electrical conductivity electrodes are selected from copper electrodes or graphene electrodes and are coated with a catalyst. Type of electrolysis may be conventional diaphragm or membrane type, diaphragm-less or Unipolar electrolysis of water to produce hydrogen.

Provided is a high-entropy composite glycerate represented by NiCrFeCoMn(C.sub.3H.sub.5O.sub.4).sub.n and an electrocatalyst thereof, wherein n is a positive integer from 1 to 3, and wherein each of the Ni, Cr, Fe, Co and Mn includes an atom percent of 5 to 35 based on the total amount of the Ni, Cr, Fe, Co and Mn. Each of the metals is homogenously distributed within the high-entropy composite glycerate, and the high-entropy composite glycerate can reduce an overpotential for oxygen evolution reaction by the synergistic effect resulting from the structure formed by the quinary-metal glycerate. The high-entropy composite glycerate is suitable for catalyzing oxygen evolution reaction, and therefore has a prospect for application. Methods for preparing the high-entropy composite glycerate are also provided.

The invention relates to an apparatus for the electrochemical production of hydrogen gas from salt water, the apparatus comprising at least one cathode; at least one anode spaced apart from the cathode by a defined distance and connectors for electrically connecting the electrodes to a pulsating DC power supply; wherein the cathode comprises a paramagnetic material and the anode comprises a diamagnetic material. The invention also relates to an environmentally-friendly method for the production of hydrogen gas from sea water.

The invention relates to an apparatus for the electrochemical production of hydrogen gas from salt water, the apparatus comprising at least one cathode; at least one anode spaced apart from the cathode by a defined distance and connectors for electrically connecting the electrodes to a pulsating DC power supply; wherein the cathode comprises a paramagnetic material and the anode comprises a diamagnetic material. The invention also relates to an environmentally-friendly method for the production of hydrogen gas from sea water.

A titanium sub-oxide/ruthenium oxide composite electrode and a preparation method and application thereof. Titanium-based titanium sub-oxide nanotubes is taken as a bottom layer, and titanium sub-oxide doped ruthenium oxide is taken as a surface composite active layer. A titanium substrate is anodized in a fluorine-containing ionic electrolyte, taken out, subjected to heating and roasting, cooled and then subjected to cathodic electrochemical reduction in polarizing liquid, so that a titanium-based titanium sub-oxide nanotube electrode is obtained; and then the titanium-based titanium sub-oxide nanotube electrode is taken as a cathode to be electrodeposited in a ruthenium trichloride electrolyte doped with titanium sub-oxide powder, taken out and then subjected to heating and roasting, so that the titanium sub-oxide/ruthenium oxide composite electrode is obtained.

A titanium sub-oxide/ruthenium oxide composite electrode and a preparation method and application thereof. Titanium-based titanium sub-oxide nanotubes is taken as a bottom layer, and titanium sub-oxide doped ruthenium oxide is taken as a surface composite active layer. A titanium substrate is anodized in a fluorine-containing ionic electrolyte, taken out, subjected to heating and roasting, cooled and then subjected to cathodic electrochemical reduction in polarizing liquid, so that a titanium-based titanium sub-oxide nanotube electrode is obtained; and then the titanium-based titanium sub-oxide nanotube electrode is taken as a cathode to be electrodeposited in a ruthenium trichloride electrolyte doped with titanium sub-oxide powder, taken out and then subjected to heating and roasting, so that the titanium sub-oxide/ruthenium oxide composite electrode is obtained.

The embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method, system and composition producing a magnetic carbon nanomaterial product that may comprise carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at least some of which are magnetic CNTs (mCNTs). The method and apparatus employ carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) as a reactant in an electrolysis reaction in order to make mCNTs. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a magnetic additive component is included as a reactant in the method and as a portion of one or more components in the system or composition to facilitate a magnetic material addition process, a carbide nucleation process or both during the electrosynthesis reaction for making magnetic carbon nanomaterials.

The embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a method, system and composition producing a magnetic carbon nanomaterial product that may comprise carbon nanotubes (CNTs) at least some of which are magnetic CNTs (mCNTs). The method and apparatus employ carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) as a reactant in an electrolysis reaction in order to make mCNTs. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a magnetic additive component is included as a reactant in the method and as a portion of one or more components in the system or composition to facilitate a magnetic material addition process, a carbide nucleation process or both during the electrosynthesis reaction for making magnetic carbon nanomaterials.

The invention concerns a process for the electrochemical production of formate. The process is performed in an electrochemical cell comprising a cathode compartment containing a cathode, an anode compartment containing a nickel-based anode and an ion exchange membrane separating the anode compartment from the cathode compartment. The process comprises the following steps: (a) feeding an anolyte comprising at least one polyol to the anode compartment; (b) feeding a catholyte comprising CO.sub.2 to the cathode compartment; (c) and applying a voltage difference between the cathode and the anode such that at the cathode CO.sub.2 is reduced to formate and at the anode the at least one polyol is oxidized to formate.

A membrane electrode assembly includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an anion exchange membrane disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The first electrode includes a first metal mesh, a first catalyst layer wrapping the first metal mesh, a second metal mesh, and a second catalyst layer wrapping the second metal mesh. The first metal mesh is disposed between the anion exchange membrane and the second metal mesh. The second metal mesh is thicker than the first metal mesh, and the first catalyst layer is thicker than the second catalyst layer. The second catalyst layer is iron, cobalt, manganese, zinc, niobium, molybdenum, ruthenium, platinum, gold, or aluminum. The second catalyst layer is crystalline.