Provided are an electrode, an electrolysis cell, and an electrochemical analyzer that improve the long-term stability of analysis data. A working electrode, a counter electrode, and reference electrode are disposed in an electrolysis cell. The working electrode is obtained by forming a lead wire in a composite material having platinum or a platinum alloy as a base material, in which a metal oxide is dispersed, or in a laminated material obtained by laminating a valve metal and platinum such that the cross sectional crystal texture in the thickness direction of the platinum is formed in layers and the thickness of each layer of the platinum is 5 micrometers or less. The metal oxide is selected from among zirconium oxide, tantalum oxide, and niobium oxide, and the metal oxide content of the platinum or the platinum alloy is 0.005 to 1 wt % in terms of the zirconium, tantalum, or niobium metal.

A method of forming a hydrocarbon product and hydrogen gas comprises introducing CH.sub.4 to a positive electrode of an electrochemical cell comprising the positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a proton-conducting membrane between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The proton-conducting membrane comprises an electrolyte material having an ionic conductivity greater than or equal to about 10.sup.−2 S/cm at one or more temperatures within a range of from about 150° C. to about 600° C. A potential difference is applied between the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the electrochemical cell to produce the hydrocarbon product and the hydrogen gas. A CH.sub.4 activation system and an electrochemical cell are also described.

A method of forming a hydrocarbon product and hydrogen gas comprises introducing CH.sub.4 to a positive electrode of an electrochemical cell comprising the positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a proton-conducting membrane between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The proton-conducting membrane comprises an electrolyte material having an ionic conductivity greater than or equal to about 10.sup.−2 S/cm at one or more temperatures within a range of from about 150° C. to about 600° C. A potential difference is applied between the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the electrochemical cell to produce the hydrocarbon product and the hydrogen gas. A CH.sub.4 activation system and an electrochemical cell are also described.

The invention relates to processes for the electrolysis of alkali chlorides by means of oxygen-depolarized electrodes, said processes having specific operating parameters for shut-down and restarting.

The invention relates to processes for the electrolysis of alkali chlorides by means of oxygen-depolarized electrodes, said processes having specific operating parameters for shut-down and restarting.

The present invention relates to an electrode comprising a metal deposit of zinc and silver, a process for preparing such an electrode, an electrolysis device comprising such an electrode and a method for CO.sub.2 electroreduction to CO using such an electrode as a cathode.

The present invention relates to an electrode comprising a metal deposit of zinc and silver, a process for preparing such an electrode, an electrolysis device comprising such an electrode and a method for CO.sub.2 electroreduction to CO using such an electrode as a cathode.

A method of hydrogenating carbon dioxide comprises forming a tunable catalyst comprising at least one metal comprising a size within a range of from a single atom to about 999 nanometers and formulated to produce one or more carbon-containing compound. An electrochemical cell comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode comprising the tunable catalyst, and an electrolyte between the positive electrode and the negative electrode is formed. Carbon dioxide is introduced to the negative electrode of the electrochemical cell and a potential difference is applied between the positive electrode and the negative electrode to selectively hydrogenate the carbon dioxide. The hydrogen ions are diffused through the electrochemical cell. The carbon dioxide at the negative electrode is hydrogenated to selectively form carbon monoxide, methane, or a desired ratio of carbon monoxide and methane. An electrochemical cell and a carbon dioxide hydrogenation system are also disclosed.

A method of hydrogenating carbon dioxide comprises forming a tunable catalyst comprising at least one metal comprising a size within a range of from a single atom to about 999 nanometers and formulated to produce one or more carbon-containing compound. An electrochemical cell comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode comprising the tunable catalyst, and an electrolyte between the positive electrode and the negative electrode is formed. Carbon dioxide is introduced to the negative electrode of the electrochemical cell and a potential difference is applied between the positive electrode and the negative electrode to selectively hydrogenate the carbon dioxide. The hydrogen ions are diffused through the electrochemical cell. The carbon dioxide at the negative electrode is hydrogenated to selectively form carbon monoxide, methane, or a desired ratio of carbon monoxide and methane. An electrochemical cell and a carbon dioxide hydrogenation system are also disclosed.

A stainless steel wire may be platinized using electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method and then may be coated by polyaniline/multiwalled carbon nanotube (PANI/MWCNT) nanocomposite by electrochemical polymerization (EP). The resulting fiber may be used for headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) of residual solvents (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene, BTEX) in commercial pharmaceutical drugs, followed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID).