The present disclosure provides a method of producing a cation exchange polymer, the method includes polymerizing an anionic monomer in the presence of a polymerizable crosslinker having a cationic functional group. A sufficient amount of anionic monomer is used to provide both the anionic charges necessary for cation exchange, and the anionic charges necessary to pair with the cationic functional groups in the crosslinker.

The present invention provides for a device useful or removing dissolved ions from water comprising or configured to comprise composite resin electrodes. The present invention provides for a device useful for removing dissolved ions from water comprising or configured to comprise composite resin electrodes. The present invention also provides for a method for removing dissolved ions from water comprising providing said device, and using it thereof.

A liquid treatment apparatus includes a liquid storing vessel, a first electrode, a second electrode at least partly arranged inside the vessel, a tubular first insulator surrounding a first-electrode lateral surface with a first space interposed therebetween, and including a first opening in an end surface in contact with the liquid, a tubular second insulator surrounding the first-electrode lateral surface inside the first insulator, a gas supply device supplying gas into the first space and ejecting the gas into the liquid through the first opening, and a power supply applying a voltage between the first and second electrodes and producing plasma. The second insulator is arranged with a second space interposed between the first and second insulators. Portions of the first and second insulators, those portions being positioned inside the vessel, are covered with the gas when the gas is supplied into the first space by the gas supply device.

Provided are liquid treatment systems (e.g., water desalinization systems, water softening systems, water purification systems), system components, methods of fabricating components and systems, and methods of operating the systems. A liquid treatment system may include a first electrode and a second electrode. During operation of the system, the treated liquid may flow between and, in some embodiments, through these electrodes and release contaminants that are electrolytically deposited on these electrodes. At least one electrode may include a non-conductive support and an active structure mechanically supported by the non-conductive support and a conductive assist structure disposed between the active structure and the non-conductive support. The non-conductive support may be a polymer film, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film. Unlike conventional metallic substrates, the non-conductive support is more resistant to corrosion. Furthermore, there are risk of electrical shorts and the non-conductive support may be in direct contact with various other components of the system.

An apparatus for purifying water includes a first cathode encircling a first anode, with a first gap remaining between these for purifying water. The first anode is included in an anode arrangement, which additionally includes an electrically conductive flange, an electrically conducting anode support connected to the first anode and the flange and arranged to supply electricity to the first anode, and a connection point for connecting an electric wire to the flange. The flange is mechanically supported to the first cathode in said longitudinal direction (z). The flange extends in such a way that said connection point is at least as far from the longitudinal centre axis (AX) of the cathode arrangement as a point of the first cathode that is closest to said connection point.

The present invention provides a multi-stage system for treating greywater comprising an electrochemical treatment module configured to carry out electrooxidation and electrocoagulation processes and a filtration module comprising a multistage filtration system for the treatment and removal of chemical and biological contaminants in greywater.

A membraneless electrochemical device comprises a fluid feed stream input to the membraneless electrochemical cell, a first electrode, and a second electrode. The first electrode comprises a first redox-active material configured to have a proton-coupled oxidation reaction with a first portion of the fluid feed stream, and the second electrode comprises a second redox-active material configured to have a proton-coupled reduction reaction with a second portion of the fluid feed stream. The first portion and the second portion of the fluid feed stream are separated. A first effluent stream comprises the first portion and has a first pH, and a second effluent stream comprises the second portion and has a second pH, different from the first pH.

Disclosed is an electrolytic water treatment system (100) with an automated cathode cleaning mechanism thereof and in a method therefor. The electrolytic water treatment system (100) effectively removes scale forming minerals for large cooling towers and consumes less space. The electrolytic water treatment system (100) utilizes a shell in shell type arrangement so that both sides of anodes (18) and cathodes (16) are used for electrolysis simultaneously which makes the electrolytic water treatment system (100) highly efficient, effective and less expensive. By using the electrolytic water treatment system (100), the life of the anode (18) is increased at least two to three times compared to the polarity reversing method.

A redox-active compound is disclosed that is the reaction product of an electron-withdrawing monomer, a cross-linker, and a redox-active moiety. The cross-linker may be connected to the redox-active moiety through the electron-withdrawing functional group. The redox-active compound has a reduced form and an oxidized form and neither the reduced form nor the oxidized form is decomposed by oxygen. The redox-active compound may be used to create a pH gradient in a fluid stream. A redox-active composition may include the redox-active compound, a binder, and a current collector. The redox-active composition may be part of a membraneless electrochemical cell.

An electroreductive and regenerative system includes an electrochemical reduction reactor having a housing and a reactor inlet. A cathode and an anode are disposed at least partially within a fluid flow-path. A spent ion-exchange resin slurry delivery inlet is fluidly connected to the reactor inlet. The spent ion-exchange resin slurry delivery inlet is connected to a source of spent ion-exchange slurry. A method of concurrently electroreductively remediating poly- and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) and regenerating an ion-exchange resin material includes providing an electrolyte-containing spent ion-exchange resin slurry, the spent ion-exchange resin slurry comprising a plurality of PFAS molecules immobilized on a surface of an ion-exchange resin material in the electrolyte containing spent ion-exchange resin slurry, and directing the electrolyte-containing, spent ion-exchange resin slurry through an electrochemical reduction reactor to remediate PFAS and form regenerated ion-exchange resin material in a regenerated ion-exchange material slurry.