The present invention relates to a water purification process carried out in an electrochemical cell in which the content of nitrate ions of an aqueous solution is reduced providing a resulting aqueous solution having a concentration of nitrate concentration lower than 100 ppm, an ammonium concentration lower than 50 ppm and a combined chlorine concentration lower than 2 ppm. The invention also provides a method for designing an electrochemical cell suitable for carrying out said water purification process.

A capacitive deionization system includes first and second electrodes comprising tire derived carbon particles obtained from a carbonaceous waste-tire source material containing carbon black. A conductive polymer coating on the carbon particles forms coated carbon particles. The first electrode and the second electrode define a flow channel there between, having a first opening for conducting saline solution into the flow channel and a second opening for conducting treated saline solution from the flow channel. A first current collector is provided for the first electrode and a second current collector is provided for the second electrode. An electrical connection between the first and second electrodes. A method of making a system for the capacitive deionization of a salt from a liquid, and a method for the capacitive desalination of a saline solution are also disclosed.

An electrolytic ion water generation method for generating strong electrolytic ion water having a pH value higher than a reference pH value through use of the same generation apparatus as an electrolytic ion water generation apparatus configured to generate electrolytic ion water having the reference pH value by setting an amount of raw water, which is to be supplied into a cathode chamber of an electrolytic bath, to be smaller than that of the raw water used for generating the electrolytic ion water having the reference pH value and setting generation conditions other than the amount of the raw water to the same generation conditions as those for generating the electrolytic ion water having the reference pH value. The raw water amount is set to a raw water amount calculated based on the following expression: pH=14+log[OH.sup.].

Methods for introducing foreign nucleic acids into cells, such as by performing transfection/transduction, using acoustic processes are disclosed herein. The foreign DNA/RNA and the cells are co-located in a multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave, or are co-located by acoustic streaming.

The present disclosure provides methods, electrodes, and systems for electrochemical oxidation of polyfluoroalkyl and perfluroalkyl (PFAS) contaminants using Magnli phase titanium suboxide ceramic electrodes/membranes. Magneli phase titanium suboxide ceramic electrodes/membranes can be porous and can be included in reactive electrochemical membrane filtration systems for filtration, concentration, and oxidation of PFASs and other contaminants.

There are provided processes for treating a residual. For example, such processes can comprise treating a mixture comprising the residual, a peracid or source thereof and an ammonium salt in a reactor, with an electric field, by means of at least one anode and at least one cathode that define therebetween an electrokinetic zone for treating the mixture. Such processes allow for inactivation of at least one type of pathogen in the residual so as to obtain a treated residual.

The present invention relates to a method for selective separation of positively charged monovalent ionic species from an ionic solution. The method comprises passing the ionic solution comprising a positively charged monovalent ion and a positively charged polyvalent ion through an electrode capacitor assembly comprising a first electrode and a second electrode, the electrodes comprising nanoporous carbon, wherein the first electrode is modified with sulfonate surface groups; and at least one flow channel for the passage of the solution. The method further comprises charging the electrode capacitor assembly (1) at a voltage of at least about 1.5 V; and/or (2) for scaled charging time of less than about 2.

In a first aspect, the present application relates to a method for the treatment of black water, comprising the steps of: collecting black water; treating said black water in an electrocoagulation cell with iron or aluminum electrode, such that electrocoagulation effluent and electrocoagulation sludge are obtained; separating the electrocoagulation sludge from the electrocoagulation effluent; disinfecting said electrocoagulation effluent in an electro-oxidation cell with a titanium or stainless-steel electrode, obtaining disinfected effluent. In a further aspect, the current application relates to a closed toilet system.

An asymmetric system containing a first conductive polymer modified with a redox active moiety and a second conductive polymer modified with a surfactant is used for the separation of organic compounds from aqueous solutions. The asymmetric system has complementary hydrophobicity tunability in response to electrochemical modulations. For example, both materials are hydrophobic in their respective neutral states, therefore exhibiting affinity toward organic compounds. Application of a mild potential drives the desorption of the organic compounds and regeneration of the materials. The asymmetric system can be used in a cyclic fashion, through repeated electrical discharge or shorting of the two electrodes to program the capture of organics from a feed solution, and application of a potential to stimulate the release of the adsorbed organics.

Provided are a deionization composite electrode, a method of manufacturing the deionization composite electrode, and a deionization apparatus using the same. The deionization composite electrode includes: a porous substrate having fine pores; an ion exchange membrane that is formed by electrospraying an ion exchange solution on one surface of the porous substrate; and a conductive film that is formed on the other surface of the porous substrate.