An electrochemical system and method are disclosed for On Site Generation (OSG) of oxidants, such as free available chlorine, mixed oxidants and persulfate. Operation at high current density, using at least a diamond anode, provides for higher current efficiency, extended lifetime operation, and improved cost efficiency. High current density operation, in either a single pass or recycle mode, provides for rapid generation of oxidants, with high current efficiency, which potentially allows for more compact systems. Beneficially, operation in reverse polarity for a short cleaning cycle manages scaling, provides for improved efficiency and electrode lifetime and allows for use of impure feedstocks without requiring water softeners. Systems have application for generation of chlorine or other oxidants, including mixed oxidants providing high disinfection rate per unit of oxidant, e.g. for water treatment to remove microorganisms or for degradation of organics in industrial waste water.

In a case where an electrode manufacturing operation such as heat treatment is performed on a rectangular plate-like electrode substrate that is suspended by a suspension jig, there is provided is a method for manufacturing an electrode capable of suppressing a waste of electrode substrate, preventing impairment of operability, improving flatness and the like of the electrode substrate by a simple method, and reliably preventing the electrode substrate from falling off, and simultaneously, capable of solving a problem of wrinkles and bulges that occur on the electrode due to the heat treatment and the like, thereby manufacturing a higher-quality electrode. The method for manufacturing an electrode includes: preparing a rectangular plate-like electrode substrate A formed with attachment portions A1 at two ends including opposing sides by linearly bending two parts so that each part has an overall even side; holding the attachment portions A1 by the suspension jig B1 and a lower jig each being provided with a movement restriction portion with which a leading end of each attachment portion A1 comes into contact, thereby maintaining the electrode substrate A in a suspended state; and performing at least heat treatment on the suspended electrode substrate A so as to manufacture a portion that is to be an electrode.

To provide a voltage-type device for killing microorganisms in which a microorganism killing effect is high and scale is less likely to clog up through holes in electrodes. The device for killing microorganisms includes: a main body which a liquid to be treated flows in at one end and flows out at the other end; opposed electrodes that are arranged in the main body in parallel with a flow of the liquid to be treated and have mutually-opposed through holes; and a voltage source of which an anode is connected to one of the opposed electrodes and a cathode is connected to the other of them. When a straightened liquid to be treated is passed through the device for killing microorganisms, a stirring action is produced between the opposed electrodes, whereby hypochlorous acid can be diffused throughout the entire device and a high killing effect can be obtained.

The present disclosure provides for systems, methods, and apparatus for generating functional hydrogen water. According to the present disclosure, a method for generating functional hydrogen water may comprise subjecting at least one amount of water to at least one reverse osmosis process to generate at least one amount of RO water, adding one or more additive elements to the RO water to generate at least one amount of treated water, and applying at least one external energy field to the treated water to generate at least one amount of functional hydrogen water. In some aspects, the generated functional hydrogen water may comprise increased concentrations of hydrogen and oxygen gas, which may provide one or more health benefits to a user upon consumption of the functional hydrogen water, such as enhanced hydration, relief from gastrointestinal issues, and reduced inflammation, as non-limiting examples.

The present invention relates to a hydrogen generating unit for producing hydrogen water, and more particularly, to a hydrogen generating unit which has a structure that is relatively small in volume and simple so as to be easily applied to a small capacity hydrogen water producing apparatus for home or business use, and particularly, in which when an upper electrode and a lower electrode are fastened, an upper cover and a lower cover, which have been used for the hydrogen generating unit in the related art devised by the applicant of the present invention, are not used, but instead, the upper electrode and the lower electrode may be positioned between a cap at the upper side and a housing at the lower side, and the upper electrode and the lower electrode may be assembled together when the cap and the housing are coupled to each other, thereby reducing the number of components used for the hydrogen generating unit, simplifying manufacturing processes, and achieving excellent assembly properties.

According to various embodiments a system includes a housing. A chamber is disposed within the housing and receives a working fluid. The working fluid includes at least one of one or more sulfide species and one or more phosphorous species. In the system a first anode and a first cathode are each at least partially disposed within the chamber. At least one of the first anode and the first cathode are formed from at least one of: low carbon steel, stainless steel, copper, plain carbon cloth, and one or more mixed metal oxides. At least a first one of the one or more sulfide species and the one or more phosphorous species is electrochemically converted at the first anode or the first cathode to at least one first reaction product. The first reaction product is removable from the working fluid through a separation apparatus.

The present invention relates to a water purification process carried out in an electrochemical cell in which the content of nitrate ions of an aqueous solution is reduced providing a resulting aqueous solution having a concentration of nitrate concentration lower than 100 ppm, an ammonium concentration lower than 50 ppm and a combined chlorine concentration lower than 2 ppm. The invention also provides a method for designing an electrochemical cell suitable for carrying out said water purification process.

A method for electrochemical treatment of water is provided. The method includes providing a flow-through reactor including a cathode and an anode, wherein the anode includes about 80 weight percent or greater of a sub-stoichiometric titanium oxide. The method further includes applying power to the cathode and the anode, passing a solution including water and a metal chloride through the flow-through reactor, and withdrawing the purified water.

According to an aspect of the present invention, a hydrogen-containing water generating electrode includes a positive electrode that is a tubular conductor and includes a plurality of openings in a side portion, an insulator that is provided on an outer peripheral portion of the positive electrode and includes a plurality of openings, and a negative electrode that is a tubular conductor provided on an outer peripheral portion of the insulator and includes a plurality of openings in a side portion. The openings of the positive electrode and the openings of the negative electrode are larger than the openings of the insulator.

The present disclosure provides a device comprising or configured to comprise composite resin electrodes. Further provided are methods of using the device for selectively removing dissolved ions from water.