An apparatus for electrochemical treatment of wastewater has at least one electrolysis cell through which the wastewater to be treated is guided. The electrolysis cell has a multitude of electrode assemblies that have electrodes arranged such that the wastewater to be treated is guided through holes in the electrodes. At least one of the electrode assemblies has three electrodes arranged such that the wastewater to be treated is guided through all the electrodes.

A three-dimensional photo/electrodialysis unit includes four compartments. A first compartment holds a three-dimensional electrode and a group of one or more electrochemically active redox species. A first electroactive cation selective membrane couples the first compartment to a second compartment that provides a first feedstock. An electroactive anion selective membrane couples the second compartment to a third compartment that provides a second feedstock. And a second electroactive cation selective membrane couples the third compartment to a fourth compartment that holds a second group of one or more electrochemically active redox species.

A dewatering apparatus for cellulosic materials includes a chamber for an aqueous solution of a cellulosic material, an inner electrode in the chamber, an outer electrode in the chamber about the inner electrode, and a power supply connected to the inner electrode and the outer electrode applying a voltage potential across the electrodes to remove water associated with the aqueous solution and to dewater the cellulosic materials.

An energy efficient, high-performance reactor (1) for wastewater treatment is disclosed herein. The reactor (1) has a chamber (14) provided with an inlet (11) to allow the entry of the wastewater, and an outlet (21) to allow the treated water to exit. The chamber includes an electrode assembly (13), wherein each of the pair of electrodes includes a layer of metal matrix composites. A polarity switching DC power is provided across the electrode assembly (13), thereby inducing an array of microelectrodes for enhanced surface area and better efficiency for the reaction.

An apparatus for treating PFAS-contaminated fluid includes a housing having an inlet to receive untreated fluid at a first distal end and a outlet for removal of treated fluid at a second distal end, the housing having an open interior. A slip ring is attached to the second distal end and a rotatable shaft located within the open interior is electrically connected to the slip ring. At least one reduction-promoting cathode and anode pair and at least one oxidation-promoting cathode and anode pair are disposed on the rotatable shaft. In use, the at least one reduction-promoting cathode and anode pair and the at least one oxidation-promoting cathode and anode pair are rotated to mix the untreated fluid, and create a reductive process along with an oxidative process to facilitate degradation of PFAS in the untreated fluid.

According to an aspect, a hydrogen-containing water generating electrode includes: a positive electrode that is a tubular conductor and includes a plurality of openings in a side portion; an insulator that is provided on an outer peripheral portion of the positive electrode and is in contact with the positive electrode; and a negative electrode that is provided on an outer peripheral portion of the insulator, is a tubular conductor in contact with the insulator, and includes a plurality of openings in a side portion.

A desalination apparatus includes a membrane assembly disposed between a first fluid container and a second fluid container and in fluid contact with a first aqueous solution in the first fluid container and a second aqueous solution in the second fluid container. The membrane assembly includes a semipermeable membrane having a first side to be in fluid contact with the first aqueous solution and having a second side to be in fluid contact with the second aqueous solution; an electrode assembly disposed adjacent the second side of the semipermeable membrane and to contact the second aqueous solution; and power circuitry to apply charge to the electrode assembly to provide an ion concentration at the second side of the semipermeable membrane that is at least equal to the ion concentration on the first side of the semipermeable membrane.

Electrolytic cartridges for, systems for, and methods of electrolyzing a brine solution of water and an alkali salt to produce acidic electrolyzed water and alkaline electrolyzed water are provided. The system includes an internal chamber for receiving the brine solution and at least two electrolytic cartridges immersed in a brine bath. Each electrolytic cartridge includes an electrode, an ion selective membrane disposed on a side of the electrode so as to define a space adjacent to at least a portion of the electrode, a permeable insert covering the ion selective membrane on a side opposite the space, and a bonding plate disposed on the permeable insert on a side opposite the side facing the ion selective membrane. The methods recycle at least a portion of alkaline electrolyzed water into the feed of a cartridge having a positively charged electrode.

An electrode and a method of forming an electrode, the electrode being formed from boron doped diamond, the electrode having a total solution accessible electrode area comprising at least 60% diamond stabilised non-diamond carbon. There is also disclosed an electrochemical cell the electrode.

An underwater low temperature plasma generating device includes a first electrode of a tubular type, a second electrode that is arranged inside the first electrode to generate bubbles in water introduced into the first electrode, an insulator arranged between the first electrode and the second electrode and a power supply. The plasma generating device generates low temperature plasma by generating an electric field underwater. The plasma generating device can be used to sterilize contaminated water with low temperature plasma that is generated underwater.