A nitrate-reducing electrode, and methods of making the nitrate-reducing electrode are disclosed. The nitrate reducing electrode includes catalyst particulates disposed on water permeable substrates with the use of electrodeposition, electroless deposition, electrospinning, or thermal treatment. The catalyst particles include metals and metal oxides. The water permeable substrates are preferably made of carbonaceous materials using electrospinning and thermal treatment.

The systems and methods for wastewater treatment comprise a porous substrate with photocatalytic material(s), and optionally electrocatalytic material(s), for generation of hydroxyl radicals that decompose contaminants in wastewater. The systems and methods intentionally facilitate the photocatalytic and/or electrocatalytic generation of oxygen bubbles, which facilitate an increase in concentration of hydroxyl radicals and shrink the liquid layer of wastewater at photocatalytic and/or electrocatalytic surfaces where hydroxyl radicals are generated in order to decrease quenching of hydroxyl radicals and simultaneously increase utilization or efficiency of the hydroxyl radicals for decomposition of contaminants. In embodiments, the systems and methods prolong hydroxyl radical lifetime and enhance water treatment performance for residential, commercial, municipal, medical, and/or industrial applications. In embodiments, oxygen bubbles generated on surfaces are compressed into pores or microchannels where they store generated hydroxyl radicals to prolong their lifetime in the gas phase and exchange hydroxyl radicals with the adjacent liquid layer.

A biocide-generating device including a housing having an inlet and an outlet. The biocide-generating device additionally including a strainer basket that mounts within an interior of the housing including parallel electrode plates positioned within an interior of the strainer basket. The biocide generating device additionally including a protective dielectric sleeve in which the electrode plates are received. The protective dielectric sleeve is positioned between the electrode plates and the strainer basket.

An electrolytic liquid generation device includes a stacked body in which a conductive membrane is stacked and interposed between a cathode and an anode adjacent to each other, an electrolytic part that electrolyzes a liquid, and a housing in which the electrolytic part is disposed and a flow path is formed. The electrolytic part includes a slot that is open in the flow path, and in the slot, a part of an interface between the conductive membrane and the cathode and the anode is exposed. Either one of the electrodes of the cathode and the anode has an outer periphery smaller in width than the slot of the electrolytic part. This can provide an electrolytic liquid generation device capable of improving the concentration of an electrolytic product dissolved in the liquid.

A method of remediating wastewater is provided, the method comprising substantially submersing an electrocatalytic reactor in wastewater, the electrocatalytic reactor including an anode, which is mesh and defines a first bore, a filter layer, which is porous glass, carbon fiber or poly-paraphenylene terephthalamide, the filter layer including fibers and interstitial spaces between the fibers, an iron-doped titanium dioxide film on the fibers, the film including a surface that is substantially iron oxide free, the filter layer housed within the first bore and defining a second bore, a cathode, which is housed within the second bore, is mesh and defines an inner bore, and a perforated air tube housed within the inner bore; and providing at least a voltage of at least about 3 volts to the electrocatalytic reactor, in the absence of a light source, thereby remediating wastewater.