Disclosed are a process and system that are capable of performing selective hydrogenation on aromatic fractions by configuring a catalyst bed through staged loading of a plurality of hydrogenation catalysts with different catalytic properties, or configuring a catalyst system in which a plurality of hydrogenation catalysts are arranged using a plurality of reactors in such a way as to be equivalent with the staged loading, and as a result, are capable of suppressing aromatic loss while improving the selective removal of unsaturated hydrocarbons in the aromatic fraction and durability compared to the case of using a single catalyst.

The present disclosure relates to a process for the hydrodeoxygenation of vegetable oils or animal fats to produce green diesel, which comprises contacting the vegetable oil or animal fat with a Nickel-Molybdenum or Cobalt-Molybdenum catalyst supported on alumina-titania or titania, respectively; in a fixed bed reactor in the presence of hydrogen. The process involves hydrocracking, hydrogenation, decarboxylation, decarbonylation, carried out in a fixed bed reactor at temperature of about 270 C. to about 360 C., pressure of about 40 kg.sub.f/cm.sup.2 to about 60 kg.sub.f/cm.sup.2, liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV) between about 0.8 h.sup.1 to about 3.0 h.sup.1, and H.sub.2/oil ratio of about 2,700 ft.sup.3/bbl to about 7,000 ft.sup.3/bbl, that allows to obtain a conversion up to 99% and up to 92.7% yield on green diesel.

The present application discloses low temperature, low pressure methods (LTLP) for upgrading and/or stabilizing bio-oil or a bio-oil fraction. One method comprises providing a bio-oil or bio-oil fraction and hydrogen, which are reacted in the presence of a catalyst at a temperature of less than 150 C. and a pressure of less than 100 bar (absolute) to produce a hydrogenated liquid oil at a carbon yield of over 75%. Another method comprises providing a bio-oil or bio-oil fraction, providing oxygen reducing reaction conditions, and reacting the bio-oil or bio-oil fraction under the oxygen reducing reaction conditions at LTLP to produce an upgraded bio-oil product containing fewer carbonyls than the bio-oil or bio-oil fraction. Yet another method comprises providing a bio-oil or bio-oil fraction and a solution comprising one or more fermentation organisms and a sugar source. The solution and bio-oil or bio-oil fraction are combined to obtain a fermentation mixture, which is incubated at 15 C. to 30 C. for 16 to 72 hours to produce an upgraded bio-oil fermentation product containing fewer carbonyls than the bio-oil or bio-oil fraction.

The present disclosure provides methods and materials for oligomerization of lower olefins (e.g., C.sub.2-C.sub.8) to transportations fuels including diesel and/or jet fuel. The oligomerization employs, in certain embodiments, tungstated zirconium catalysts. Surprisingly, the oligomerizations proceed smoothly in high yields and exhibit little to no sensitivity to the presence of significant amounts of oxygenates (e.g., water, lower alcohols such as C.sub.2-C.sub.8 alcohols) in the feed stream. Accordingly, the present disclosure is uniquely suited to the production of fuels derived from bio-based alcohols, wherein olefins produced from such bio-based alcohols typically contain high levels of oxygenates.

The present disclosure relates to a method including subjecting an organic stream comprising at least one oxygenate to hydrotreatment, whereby a hydrotreatment product comprising ethylbenzene is produced, wherein the organic stream is a product of a process for the production of propylene oxide; and separating an ethylbenzene product stream from the hydrotreatment product, to yield a residual stream.

A silica-alumina material, its preparation and application thereof are provided. The silica-alumina material has a SiO.sub.2/Al.sub.2O.sub.3 molar ratio of 0.8-1.5, and has a lamellar structure with an average length of 0.5-2 m and an average thickness of 30-80 nm, and its calcined form has a specific XRD pattern. The silica-alumina material has the characteristics of large pore volume, two-stage gradient pore channels of mesopores and macropores, as well as high B acid content as in molecular sieve, and shows crystal characteristics of a molecular sieve, and low impurity content, and thus is suitable for use as a carrier for catalytic materials, particularly a carrier for heavy oil hydrogenation catalysts.

The present disclosure generally relates to processes to produce a mercaptan and an asymmetrical sulfide utilize stacked bed catalyst systems containing CoMo and NiMo, and these processes demonstrate a synergistic reduction in the amount of ethylene, methyl mercaptan, ethyl mercaptan, and H.sub.2S in product mixtures. In aspects, the conversion of limiting reactants in the synthesis of asymmetrical sulfides unexpectedly remain high under increased flow rates through the catalyst bed, and under reduced temperatures and pressures. In further aspects, reactor systems configured for the independent synthesis of mercaptans and asymmetrical sulfides in a single fixed bed catalyst vessel are also disclosed as a simplification of existing reactor systems employing separate reactors for separate mercaptan and sulfide syntheses.

An object of the present invention is to provide a method for regenerating a catalyst for butadiene production, for removing a coke-like substance which is generated by oxidative dehydrogenation of n-butene in the presence of a catalyst for butadiene production and which is attached to the catalyst and the inside of a reactor. After the catalyst is used in oxidative dehydrogenation of butenes, the catalyst regeneration method of the present invention removes a coke-like substance in a reactor which is charged with the catalyst for butadiene production, the catalyst having a prescribed composition before being used in the oxidative dehydrogenation.

Provided are fuel components, a method for producing fuel components, use of the fuel components and fuel containing the fuel components based on 5-nonanone.

Disclosed is a method for providing improved hydrogenation activity by pretreating a catalyst in a three-step manner before selective hydrogenation of unsaturated hydrocarbons in an aromatic fraction in the presence of an oxide-type bimetallic (particularly nickel-molybdenum) supported catalyst.