A flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived monomer, a process for forming a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains a flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived monomer are disclosed. The flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived monomer can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety with functional groups that can participate in a polymerization reaction, such as allyl, epoxy, or propylene carbonate functional groups. The process for forming the flame-retardant polymer can include forming an aconitic acid derivative, forming a phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule, and reacting the aconitic acid derivative with the phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule to form a flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived monomer, which is then polymerized. The aconitic acid derivative can be synthesized from aconitic acid obtained from a bio-based source. The material in the article of manufacture can be a resin or adhesive, and the article of manufacture can further comprise an electronic component.

A flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker, a process for forming a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker are disclosed. The flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker can be synthesized from vanillin obtained from a bio-based source, and can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety with phenyl, allyl, epoxide, propylene carbonate, or thioether substituents. The process for forming the flame-retardant polymer can include reacting a diol vanillin derivative and a flame-retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker, and binding the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker to a polymer. The material in the article of manufacture can be flame-retardant, and contain flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers. Examples of materials that can be in the article of manufacture can include resins, plastics, adhesives, polymers, etc.

A flame retardant sugar-derived molecule, a process for forming a flame retardant sugar-derived molecule, and an article of manufacture comprising a flame retardant sugar-derived molecule are disclosed. The flame retardant sugar-derived molecule can be synthesized from arabitol, xylitol, arabic acid, or xylonic acid obtained from a bio-based source, and can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety. The process for forming the flame retardant sugar-derived molecule can include reacting arabitol, xylitol, arabic acid, or xylonic acid and a flame retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form the flame retardant sugar-derived molecule.

A flame-retardant vanillin-derived molecule, a process for forming a flame-retardant resin, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains the flame-retardant vanillin-derived molecule are disclosed. The flame-retardant vanillin-derived molecule can be synthesized from vanillin obtained from a bio-based source, and can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety with phenyl, allyl, epoxide, propylene carbonate, or thioether substituents. The process for forming the flame-retardant resin can include reacting a vanillin derivative and a flame-retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form the flame-retardant vanillin-derived molecule, and binding the flame-retardant vanillin-derived molecule to a resin. The flame-retardant vanillin-derived molecules can also be bound to polymers. The material in the article of manufacture can be flame-retardant, and contain the flame-retardant vanillin-derived molecules. Examples of materials that can be in the article of manufacture can include resins, plastics, adhesives, polymers, etc.

A flame-retardant vanillin-derived molecule, a process for forming a flame-retardant resin, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains the flame-retardant vanillin-derived molecule are disclosed. The flame-retardant vanillin-derived molecule can be synthesized from vanillin obtained from a bio-based source, and can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety with phenyl, allyl, epoxide, propylene carbonate, or thioether substituents. The process for forming the flame-retardant resin can include reacting a vanillin derivative and a flame-retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form the flame-retardant vanillin-derived molecule, and binding the flame-retardant vanillin-derived molecule to a resin. The flame-retardant vanillin-derived molecules can also be bound to polymers. The material in the article of manufacture can be flame-retardant, and contain the flame-retardant vanillin-derived molecules. Examples of materials that can be in the article of manufacture can include resins, plastics, adhesives, polymers, etc.

The present disclosure relates to novel compounds useful as antimicrobial agents. The present disclosure also relates to processes for their preparation, pharmaceutical compositions comprising them, and to their use in methods for treating or preventing microbial infections caused by parasites or bacteria, such as, for example, Plasmodium falciparum or related Plasmodium parasite species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis or related Mycobacterium bacteria species, S aureus, and ESKAPE pathogens.

A flame-retardant vanillin-derived small molecule, a process for forming a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains the flame-retardant vanillin-derived small molecule are disclosed. The flame-retardant vanillin-derived small molecule can be synthesized from vanillin obtained from a bio-based source, and can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety with phenyl, allyl, or thioether substituents. The process for forming the flame-retardant polymer can include reacting a diol vanillin derivative and a flame-retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form the flame-retardant vanillin-derived small molecule, and binding the flame-retardant vanillin-derived small molecule to a polymer. The material in the article of manufacture can be flame-retardant, and contain the flame-retardant vanillin-derived small molecules. Examples of materials that can be in the article of manufacture can include resins, plastics, adhesives, polymers, etc.

A flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker, a process for forming a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker are disclosed. The flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker can be synthesized from vanillin obtained from a bio-based source, and can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety with phenyl, allyl, epoxide, propylene carbonate, or thioether substituents. The process for forming the flame-retardant polymer can include reacting a diol vanillin derivative and a flame-retardant phosphorus-based molecule to form the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker, and binding the flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linker to a polymer. The material in the article of manufacture can be flame-retardant, and contain flame-retardant vanillin-derived cross-linkers. Examples of materials that can be in the article of manufacture can include resins, plastics, adhesives, polymers, etc.

A flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived monomer, a process for forming a flame-retardant polymer, and an article of manufacture comprising a material that contains a flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived monomer are disclosed. The flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived monomer can have at least one phosphoryl or phosphonyl moiety with functional groups that can participate in a polymerization reaction, such as allyl, epoxy, or propylene carbonate functional groups. The process for forming the flame-retardant polymer can include forming an aconitic acid derivative, forming a phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule, and reacting the aconitic acid derivative with the phosphorus-based flame-retardant molecule to form a flame-retardant aconitic acid-derived monomer, which is then polymerized. The aconitic acid derivative can be synthesized from aconitic acid obtained from a bio-based source. The material in the article of manufacture can be a resin or adhesive, and the article of manufacture can further comprise an electronic component.

New regulator compounds for a novel polymerization process for vinyl monomers, which yields polymers with improved control over composition and nearly full to full conservation of architectural integrity up to high conversion. The regulator compounds are defined by according to anyone of the Formulas 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E, 1F, 1G, 1H and 1I:

##STR00001## wherein R.sup.1 stands for an optionally substituted secondary or tertiary alkyl or secondary or tertiary aralkyl; Z.sup.1 stands for CN or a carboxylic acid ester of formula C(O)OR.sup.21; Z.sup.2 may be chosen from the group of CN, carboxylic acid, salts of carboxylic acids, carboxylic acid ester, carboxylic acid amides, (hetero)aryl, alkenyl and halogen; R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are each independently chosen from the group of H, alkyl, aralkyl, (hetero)aryl, CN and carboxylic acid ester of formula C(O)OR.sup.22; R.sup.7 stands for a primary alkyl or primary aralkyl, CN or hydrogen; Y stands for a bridging group and n is 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; in case R.sup.1 stands for tertiary alkyl or tertiary aralkyl, R.sup.6 stands for a primary alkyl or primary aralkyl, CN or a carboxylic acid ester of formula C(O)OR.sup.26; in case R.sup.1 stands for a secondary alkyl or secondary aralkyl, R.sup.6 stands for a primary or secondary alkyl or primary or secondary aralkyl, CN, a carboxylic acid ester of formula C(O)OR.sup.26 or a phosphonic acid ester of formula P(O)(OR.sup.27).sub.2, a (hetero)aryl or an alkenyl; R.sup.21, R.sup.22, R.sup.26 and R.sup.27 each independently stand for alkyl or aralkyl having from 1-30 carbon atoms, optionally containing heteroatoms.