Cementing compositions including a di- or poly epoxide resin, and amine hardener, and a di- or polyfunctional alkylphosphonate ester fortifier and methods of using the cementing compositions such as in a subterranean zone penetrated by a well bore.

The invention relates to flame-retardant polyurethane foam materials or polyurethane/polyisocyanurate foam materials (also referred to individually or collectively as “PUR/PIR foam materials” below) and to methods for producing PUR/PIR foam materials by reacting a reaction mixture containing A1 an isocyanate-reactive component, A2 a propellant, A3 a catalyst, A4 optionally an additive, and A5 a flame retardant with B an isocyanate component, wherein the production is carried out using an index of 80 to 600. The invention is characterized in that the flame retardant A5 contains (hydroxymethyl)phosphonate and optionally the dimer thereof as component A5.1.

The invention relates to flame-retardant polyurethane foam materials or polyurethane/polyisocyanurate foam materials (also referred to individually or collectively as “PUR/PIR foam materials” below) and to methods for producing PUR/PIR foam materials by reacting a reaction mixture containing A1 an isocyanate-reactive component, A2 a propellant, A3 a catalyst, A4 optionally an additive, and A5 a flame retardant with B an isocyanate component, wherein the production is carried out using an index of 80 to 600. The invention is characterized in that the flame retardant A5 contains (hydroxymethyl)phosphonate and optionally the dimer thereof as component A5.1.

A polyester film comprising a polymeric phosphonate flame retardant in an amount of from about 1.0 to about 25.0 wt % by total weight of the film and further comprising at least one metal cation selected from the group consisting of Group I and Group II metal cations.

A polyester film comprising a polymeric phosphonate flame retardant in an amount of from about 1.0 to about 25.0 wt % by total weight of the film and further comprising at least one metal cation selected from the group consisting of Group I and Group II metal cations.

Microencapsulation methods are provided using encapsulant, fiber or film forming compositions of a cross-linkable anionic polymer, a multivalent cation salt, a chelating agent, and a volatile base. During the formation of this composition, the generally acidic chelating agent is titrated with a volatile base to an elevated pH to improve ion-binding capability. Multivalent cations are sequestered in cation-chelate complexes. Cross-linkable polymers in this solution will remain freely dissolved until some disruption of equilibrium induces the release of the free multivalent cations from the cation-chelate complex. Vaporization of the volatile base drops the pH of the solution causing the cation-chelate complexes to dissociate and liberate multivalent cations that associate with the anionic polymer to form a cross-linked matrix. During spray-drying, the formation of a wet particle, polymer cross-linking, and particle drying occur nearly simultaneously.

Microencapsulation methods are provided using encapsulant, fiber or film forming compositions of a cross-linkable anionic polymer, a multivalent cation salt, a chelating agent, and a volatile base. During the formation of this composition, the generally acidic chelating agent is titrated with a volatile base to an elevated pH to improve ion-binding capability. Multivalent cations are sequestered in cation-chelate complexes. Cross-linkable polymers in this solution will remain freely dissolved until some disruption of equilibrium induces the release of the free multivalent cations from the cation-chelate complex. Vaporization of the volatile base drops the pH of the solution causing the cation-chelate complexes to dissociate and liberate multivalent cations that associate with the anionic polymer to form a cross-linked matrix. During spray-drying, the formation of a wet particle, polymer cross-linking, and particle drying occur nearly simultaneously.

A flame-retardant resin composition includes a base resin (A) containing a polyolefin resin and a flame retardant. The flame retardant includes an organic phosphorus compound (B) and a hindered amine compound (C). The organic phosphorus compound (B) is represented by formula (1):

##STR00001##

where X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 each represent a hydrocarbon group, with or without a substituent, and may be the same or different. The hindered amine compound (C) includes a group represented by formula (2):

##STR00002##

wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and R.sup.5 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 50 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group having 5 to 12 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having 7 to 25 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms.

A flame-retardant resin composition includes a base resin (A) containing a polyolefin resin and a flame retardant. The flame retardant includes an organic phosphorus compound (B) and a hindered amine compound (C). The organic phosphorus compound (B) is represented by formula (1):

##STR00001##

where X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 each represent a hydrocarbon group, with or without a substituent, and may be the same or different. The hindered amine compound (C) includes a group represented by formula (2):

##STR00002##

wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.4 each independently represent an alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, and R.sup.5 represents an alkyl group having 1 to 50 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group having 5 to 12 carbon atoms, an aralkyl group having 7 to 25 carbon atoms, or an aryl group having 6 to 12 carbon atoms.

Provided herein are coated substrates. Also provided herein are methods for attaching phosphonates, phosphonic acids, or derivatives thereof to an organic or an inorganic substrate (e.g., a metal oxide substrate) via phosphonate chemistry to form the coated substrates provided herein.