Liquid crystal displays having quick response and high light resistance are provided. A liquid crystal composition includes: (A) a cyclohexane compound of formula [I]:

##STR00001## wherein R and R are each independently a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 linear alkyl group; (B) a compound that is different from cyclohexane compound (A) and is a liquid crystal; and (C) at least one polymerizable compound selected from the group consisting of
a polymerizable compound of formula [II]:

P.sup.1-Sp.sup.1-E-Sp.sup.2-P.sup.2[II] wherein, e.g., P.sup.1 and P.sup.2 are each an acryloyloxy group, Sp.sup.1 and Sp.sup.2 are each an alkyleneoxy group or a direct bond, and E is an arylene group, and
a polymerizable compound of formula [III]:

A-(L-W).sub.i-(M-Z).sub.j(N).sub.kB[III] wherein, e.g., A and B are each P-Q-, P is a polymerizable group, Q is a spacer group or a single bond, i quantity of L and k quantity of N are each phenylene, j quantity of M are each phenylene, i quantity of W and j quantity of Z are each O, i and k are 0 or 1 with the proviso that i+k>0, j is 0, 1, 2 or 3, and n is 1, 2, 3 or 4; and optionally includes: (D) a photopolymerization initiator.

The present invention relates to a compound of formula GF

##STR00001##

in which the occurring groups and parameters have the meanings defined in claim 1, to a liquid crystal medium comprising a compound of formula GF and to high-frequency components comprising these media, especially microwave components for high-frequency devices, such as devices for shifting the phase of microwaves, tunable filters, tunable metamaterial structures, and electronic beam steering antennas, e.g. phased array antennas.

The present invention provides a liquid crystal display device having excellent visibility outdoors, and a method for producing a liquid crystal display device capable of producing such a liquid crystal display device. The liquid crystal display device includes: a pair of substrates; a liquid crystal layer that is sandwiched between the pair of substrates and contains a liquid crystal material; and an alignment control layer that is in contact with the liquid crystal layer, at least one of the pair of substrates including a retardation layer on its liquid crystal layer side, the alignment control layer aligning the liquid crystal material in a direction horizontal to faces of the substrates, and containing a polymer containing at least a unit derived from a specific first monomer.

A liquid crystal display element having an improved response speed by using a liquid crystal compound having a high K.sub.33, while neither improving nor deteriorating all the characteristics as a liquid crystal display element. The liquid crystal display element 10 of the present invention has a first substrate 15, a second substrate 15, and a liquid crystal composition layer 5 interposed between the first substrate 15 and the second substrate 15, wherein at least one of the first substrate 15 and the second substrate 15 has an electrode that controls the liquid crystal composition layer 5 and the bend elastic constant K.sub.33 of at least one kind of liquid crystal compounds in the liquid crystal composition constituting the liquid crystal composition layer 5 is 20 pN or more.

The invention relates to liquid-crystalline media which can be used, in particular, for electro-optical displays having active-matrix addressing based on the ECB effect and for IPS (in-plane switching) displays or FFS (fringe field switching) displays.

Liquid-crystalline media which can be used, in particular, for electro-optical displays having active-matrix addressing based on the ECB effect and for IPS (in-plane switching) displays or FFS (fringe field switching) displays.

The present invention relates to liquid-crystalline media comprising one or more chiral compounds and one or more compounds selected from the group of compounds of formulae I, II and III,

##STR00001##

in which the parameters have the meaning indicated in claim 1, and to components comprising these media for high-frequency technology, in particular phase shifters and microwave array antennas.

The invention relates to liquid-crystalline media which can be used, in particular, for electro-optical displays having active-matrix addressing based on the ECB effect and for IPS (in-plane switching) displays or FFS (fringe field switching) displays.

The present invention relates to a compound of formula GF ##STR00001##
in which the occurring groups and parameters have the meanings defined in claim 1, to a liquid crystal medium comprising a compound of formula GF and to high-frequency components comprising these media, especially microwave components for high-frequency devices, such as devices for shifting the phase of microwaves, tunable filters, tunable metamaterial structures, and electronic beam steering antennas, e.g. phased array antennas.

The invention relates to liquid-crystalline media which can be used, in particular, for electro-optical displays having active-matrix addressing based on the ECB effect and for IPS (in-plane switching) displays or FFS (fringe field switching) displays.