The present invention relates to the use of compositions comprising sialic acid to inhibit or treat coronavirus infections, and in particular those caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2).

A method for treating metabolic disorders includes determining a treatment group comprising obese non-infant humans; formulating a composition comprising one or more synthetic non-fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) selected from lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and/or 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL), 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I), that are effective for: increasing in the gastrointestinal microbiota of a non-infant human during a treatment period, the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium adolescentis and reducing a precursor condition for a metabolic disorder associated with development of one or more of obesity-induced pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes, the precursor condition selected from gut permeability, metabolic endotoxemia, low-grade metabolic inflammation, and body fat percentage; and reducing the precursor condition in at least one non-infant human in the treatment group by providing the composition to the at least one non-infant human during the treatment period.

A method for treating metabolic disorders includes determining a treatment group comprising obese non-infant humans; formulating a composition comprising one or more synthetic non-fucosylated human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) selected from lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) and/or 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL), 3-fucosyllactose (3-FL), difucosyllactose (DFL), and lacto-N-fucopentaose I (LNFP-I), that are effective for: increasing in the gastrointestinal microbiota of a non-infant human during a treatment period, the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium adolescentis and reducing a precursor condition for a metabolic disorder associated with development of one or more of obesity-induced pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes, the precursor condition selected from gut permeability, metabolic endotoxemia, low-grade metabolic inflammation, and body fat percentage; and reducing the precursor condition in at least one non-infant human in the treatment group by providing the composition to the at least one non-infant human during the treatment period.

In alternative embodiments, provided are products of manufacture fabricated or manufactured as medical devices such as an inhaler, an ionizer, an asthma “puffer-like” device, a nebulizer or a nasal spray device, a respirator or a ventilator, a warm or a hot air delivery device, and/or a CPAP (continuous positive air pressure) device (for example, for managing or treating sleep apnea) or equivalent, for delivering one or a combination of medications or drugs, and optionally also warm or hot air, and optionally also ionized air. Products of manufacture are used for treating, preventing, ameliorating, slowing the progress of, decreasing the severity of or preventing a microbial infection, such as bacterial and viral infections, including the common respiratory viruses such as influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, picornavirus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus, hantaviruses, enterovirus, a coronavirus infection, or a COVID-19 or a 2019-nCoV (or so-called Wuhan coronavirus) infection, or an infection caused by a virus in the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, or a virus in the family Coronaviridae, or a virus in the order Nidovirales. In alternative embodiments, products of manufacture as provided herein administer combinations, or cocktails, of a drug or drugs by inhalation, for example, by use of aerosol, mist, liquid or powder formulations for inhalation.

In alternative embodiments, provided are products of manufacture fabricated or manufactured as medical devices such as an inhaler, an ionizer, an asthma “puffer-like” device, a nebulizer or a nasal spray device, a respirator or a ventilator, a warm or a hot air delivery device, and/or a CPAP (continuous positive air pressure) device (for example, for managing or treating sleep apnea) or equivalent, for delivering one or a combination of medications or drugs, and optionally also warm or hot air, and optionally also ionized air. Products of manufacture are used for treating, preventing, ameliorating, slowing the progress of, decreasing the severity of or preventing a microbial infection, such as bacterial and viral infections, including the common respiratory viruses such as influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, picornavirus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus, hantaviruses, enterovirus, a coronavirus infection, or a COVID-19 or a 2019-nCoV (or so-called Wuhan coronavirus) infection, or an infection caused by a virus in the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, or a virus in the family Coronaviridae, or a virus in the order Nidovirales. In alternative embodiments, products of manufacture as provided herein administer combinations, or cocktails, of a drug or drugs by inhalation, for example, by use of aerosol, mist, liquid or powder formulations for inhalation.

The invention provides a method of ameliorating and/or preventing a coronavirus infection in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a sugar or a derivative thereof. The invention also provides a method of ameliorating and/or preventing a coronavirus infection in a subject, the method comprising upregulating sialylation of a glycan, downregulating N-glycosylation, and/or downregulating O-glycosylation of a virus particle of the coronavirus.

The invention provides a method of ameliorating and/or preventing a coronavirus infection in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a sugar or a derivative thereof. The invention also provides a method of ameliorating and/or preventing a coronavirus infection in a subject, the method comprising upregulating sialylation of a glycan, downregulating N-glycosylation, and/or downregulating O-glycosylation of a virus particle of the coronavirus.

The present invention relates to an alginic oligosaccharic diacid composition comprising a mannuronic diacid of Formula (IV) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n is an integer selected from 1 to 9, m is selected from 0, 1 or 2, m′ is selected from 0 or 1, and wherein the total weight of alginic oligosaccharic diacid wherein n=1-5 accounts for more than 60% of the total weight of the composition; the total weight of guluronic acids accounts for less than 50% of the total weight of the composition. ##STR00001##

The present invention relates to an alginic oligosaccharic diacid composition comprising a mannuronic diacid of Formula (IV) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein n is an integer selected from 1 to 9, m is selected from 0, 1 or 2, m′ is selected from 0 or 1, and wherein the total weight of alginic oligosaccharic diacid wherein n=1-5 accounts for more than 60% of the total weight of the composition; the total weight of guluronic acids accounts for less than 50% of the total weight of the composition. ##STR00001##

The treatment or prevention of a Coronaviridae infection, and conditions related thereto; in particular a Coronaviridae infection in humans. In particular, the compounds, pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments for treating and/or preventing a Coronaviridae infection and/or its long-term consequences. The uses and methods for assessing a Coronaviridae infection or the efficacy of a treatment of such infections.