The invention relates to a human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) for use in, a synthetic composition comprising an HMO for use in, and a method for prophylactically reducing gastrointestinal IBS symptom severity and/or symptom occurrence in a lac-tose-intolerant, IBS patient; reintroducing a source of lactose into the diet of a lactose-intolerant, IBS patient while prophylactically reducing gastrointestinal IBS symptom severity and/or symptom occurrence in the IBS patient; and/or reducing the severity and/or occurrence of non-gastrointestinal symptoms in a lactose-intolerant, IBS patient.

The invention relates to a human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) for use in, a synthetic composition comprising an HMO for use in, and a method for prophylactically reducing gastrointestinal IBS symptom severity and/or symptom occurrence in a lac-tose-intolerant, IBS patient; reintroducing a source of lactose into the diet of a lactose-intolerant, IBS patient while prophylactically reducing gastrointestinal IBS symptom severity and/or symptom occurrence in the IBS patient; and/or reducing the severity and/or occurrence of non-gastrointestinal symptoms in a lactose-intolerant, IBS patient.

The invention relates to a human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) for use in, a synthetic composition comprising an HMO for use in, and a method for prophylactically reducing gastrointestinal IBS symptom severity and/or symptom occurrence in a lac-tose-intolerant, IBS patient; reintroducing a source of lactose into the diet of a lactose-intolerant, IBS patient while prophylactically reducing gastrointestinal IBS symptom severity and/or symptom occurrence in the IBS patient; and/or reducing the severity and/or occurrence of non-gastrointestinal symptoms in a lactose-intolerant, IBS patient.

Disclosed is synthesis of an O-Antigen oligosaccharide compound of Helicobacter pylori serotype O2, belonging to the field of organic synthesis. The disclosure obtains O-antigen disaccharide to tetracosasaccharide of Helicobacter pylori serotype O.sub.2 by chemical synthesis. A chemical synthesis method which is quite conducive to production of a glucose-α-lglucosidic bond is developed in the disclosure by a protectant strategy, temperature effect, solvent effect, and additive effect. The method is applied in synthesis of an O-antigen oligosaccharide compound of Helicobacter pylori serotype O2 assembled with an amino linking arm. A saccharide conjugate can be prepared from the synthesized O-antigen oligosaccharide compound of Helicobacter pylori serotype O2 assembled with an amino linking arm together with a carrier protein for immunology researches, playing an important role in preventing and treating Helicobacter pylori.

Disclosed is synthesis of an O-Antigen oligosaccharide compound of Helicobacter pylori serotype O2, belonging to the field of organic synthesis. The disclosure obtains O-antigen disaccharide to tetracosasaccharide of Helicobacter pylori serotype O.sub.2 by chemical synthesis. A chemical synthesis method which is quite conducive to production of a glucose-α-lglucosidic bond is developed in the disclosure by a protectant strategy, temperature effect, solvent effect, and additive effect. The method is applied in synthesis of an O-antigen oligosaccharide compound of Helicobacter pylori serotype O2 assembled with an amino linking arm. A saccharide conjugate can be prepared from the synthesized O-antigen oligosaccharide compound of Helicobacter pylori serotype O2 assembled with an amino linking arm together with a carrier protein for immunology researches, playing an important role in preventing and treating Helicobacter pylori.

Described herein are methods and compositions for using microbial agents (probiotics) and agents that promote growth of certain microbes (prebiotics) for management (including prevention and treatment) of musculoskeletal disorders, including osteoporosis, osteopenia, Paget's disease, stunting, osteoarthritis, osteomyelitis, and delayed or non-union fractures. Also described herein are methods and compositions for using probiotics and prebiotics for management of inflammation, and symptoms of menopause.

Described herein are methods and compositions for using microbial agents (probiotics) and agents that promote growth of certain microbes (prebiotics) for management (including prevention and treatment) of musculoskeletal disorders, including osteoporosis, osteopenia, Paget's disease, stunting, osteoarthritis, osteomyelitis, and delayed or non-union fractures. Also described herein are methods and compositions for using probiotics and prebiotics for management of inflammation, and symptoms of menopause.

Prebiotic composition including grape ferment, a first component, and a second component is provided. The first component is lactitol or xylooligosaccharide, and the second component is fructooligosaccharide, xylooligosaccharide, or inulin. The first component is different from the second component, and a weight ratio of the grape ferment, the first component and the second component falls within the range of 1-2:1-2:1-2. Based on this, the prebiotic composition prepared by grape ferment can be used to promote intestinal health of a subject in need thereof and enhance antioxidation in the subject.

Prebiotic composition including grape ferment, a first component, and a second component is provided. The first component is lactitol or xylooligosaccharide, and the second component is fructooligosaccharide, xylooligosaccharide, or inulin. The first component is different from the second component, and a weight ratio of the grape ferment, the first component and the second component falls within the range of 1-2:1-2:1-2. Based on this, the prebiotic composition prepared by grape ferment can be used to promote intestinal health of a subject in need thereof and enhance antioxidation in the subject.

The present invention relates, in general to agents that modulate the pharmacological activity of siRNAs. In addition, the invention relates generally to methods and systems for use in assessing the efficacy and safety of a pharmaceutical composition for use in the treatment or prophylaxis of a disease.