The present application belongs to the field of life health, and discloses a sugar chain and a composition thereof, and use in the prevention and/or treatment of coronavirus infection. The sugar chain contains any one or more of Neu5Acα2-N.sub.1Gal building blocks, and/or any one or more of xFuc-N.sub.1Gal-N.sub.1(xFuc-N.sub.1)GlcNAc building blocks, at the non-reducing end, where, x=0 or 1, and N.sub.1=1, 2, 3, 4 or 6. A glycosidic bond formed between Neu5Ac and Gal is an α2 glycosidic bond. In the xFuc-N.sub.1Gal-N.sub.1(xFuc-N.sub.1)GlcNAc building blocks, a glycosidic bond formed between any two adjacent monosaccharides is an α1 or β1 glycosidic bond. The specific building block contained at the non-reducing end of the sugar chain blocks the binding of the virus to the host, thereby blocking virus invasion and infection of the respiratory tract/lung, and achieving the specific prevention and treatment.

Acetylated polysaccharides and methods of making and using them are provided. One method of making acetylated polysaccharides includes providing polysaccharides, purifying the polysaccharides to 1-90% purity by weight, providing an acetylation agent, providing a catalyst, mixing the acetylation agent and catalyst with the polysaccharides, thereby manufacturing acetylated polysaccharides, and purifying the acetylated polysaccharides.

A nutritional composition comprises fucosylated human milk oligosaccharide and/or sialylated human milk oligosaccha-ride, non-digestible, fermentable polysaccharide, and Bifidobacterium. The nutritional composition is free of short-chain fructooligosac-charide having at least about 50% of molecules with a degree of polymerization of less than about 5. A method of treating a subject at risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection or a subject having a Clostridium difficile infection comprises administering such a nutritional composition.

A nutritional composition comprises fucosylated human milk oligosaccharide and/or sialylated human milk oligosaccha-ride, non-digestible, fermentable polysaccharide, and Bifidobacterium. The nutritional composition is free of short-chain fructooligosac-charide having at least about 50% of molecules with a degree of polymerization of less than about 5. A method of treating a subject at risk of developing a Clostridium difficile infection or a subject having a Clostridium difficile infection comprises administering such a nutritional composition.

The invention relates to a composition for use in the prevention or treatment of Salmonellosis in animals, said use comprising administering the composition to the animal, wherein the composition contains at least 0.01% by weight of dry matter of rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) polysaccharides having a molecular weight of more than 2 kDa and having a backbone consisting of galacturonic acid residues and rhamnose residues, said rhamnose residues being contained in alpha(1.fwdarw.4)-galacturonic-alpha(1.fwdarw.2)-rhamnose residues, wherein the molar ratio of galacturonic acid residues to rhamnose residues in the RG-I polysaccharides is within the range of 50:1 to 1:1. The use of RG-I polysaccharides in the treatment or prevention of Salmonellosis provides an alternative for the widespread use of antibiotics. Furthermore, these RG-I polysaccharides may be used to prevent or treat Salmonellosis caused by Salmonella strains with resistance to antibiotics.

The invention relates to a composition for use in the prevention or treatment of Salmonellosis in animals, said use comprising administering the composition to the animal, wherein the composition contains at least 0.01% by weight of dry matter of rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) polysaccharides having a molecular weight of more than 2 kDa and having a backbone consisting of galacturonic acid residues and rhamnose residues, said rhamnose residues being contained in alpha(1.fwdarw.4)-galacturonic-alpha(1.fwdarw.2)-rhamnose residues, wherein the molar ratio of galacturonic acid residues to rhamnose residues in the RG-I polysaccharides is within the range of 50:1 to 1:1. The use of RG-I polysaccharides in the treatment or prevention of Salmonellosis provides an alternative for the widespread use of antibiotics. Furthermore, these RG-I polysaccharides may be used to prevent or treat Salmonellosis caused by Salmonella strains with resistance to antibiotics.

The present disclosure relates to compositions of phytonutrients and methods of treating obesity by administering these compositions to subjects in need thereof. The compositions described herein are rationally designed compositions of phytonutrients that interfere with fat cell differentiation, a process commonly known as “adipogenesis”, to prevent weight gain and improve glycemic control. The phytonutrients are rationally combined based on their complementary effects on the expression level of six adipogenic biomarker proteins. Exemplary compositions can include one or more of berberine, luteolin, resveratrol, fisetin, quercetin, fucoidan, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), hesperidin, or curcumin.

The present disclosure relates to compositions of phytonutrients and methods of treating obesity by administering these compositions to subjects in need thereof. The compositions described herein are rationally designed compositions of phytonutrients that interfere with fat cell differentiation, a process commonly known as “adipogenesis”, to prevent weight gain and improve glycemic control. The phytonutrients are rationally combined based on their complementary effects on the expression level of six adipogenic biomarker proteins. Exemplary compositions can include one or more of berberine, luteolin, resveratrol, fisetin, quercetin, fucoidan, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), hesperidin, or curcumin.

The methods described herein are for treating infections in individuals having cancer and who are receiving cancer immunotherapy, preferably employing a CRISPR system to selectively kill or reduce the numbers of pathogenic bacteria within the individual and thereafter, administering an immune checkpoint inhibitor thereto. In particular embodiments, the pathogenic bacteria is one of E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus; Streptoccocus; Salmonella; Shigella; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Enterococcus; Clostridium; Neisseria gonnorrhoea; Acinetobacter baumannii; and Campylobacter bacteria and the checkpoint inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of nivolumab, pembrolizumab, pidilizumab, AMP-224, AMP-514, STI-A1110, TSR-042, RG-7446, BMS-936559, MEDI-4736, MSB-0020718C, AUR-012 and STI-A1010. Further embodiments include enhancing the growth of a second bacteria in the individual, such bacteria including Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Fusobacterium, Coprococcus, LactoBacillus, Propionibacterium, Ruminococcus, Veillonella, Prevotella, and F. prausnitzii. The CRISPR system may include Cas9, Cpf1 and Cas3, and may be delivered using a bacteriophage.

The methods described herein are for treating infections in individuals having cancer and who are receiving cancer immunotherapy, preferably employing a CRISPR system to selectively kill or reduce the numbers of pathogenic bacteria within the individual and thereafter, administering an immune checkpoint inhibitor thereto. In particular embodiments, the pathogenic bacteria is one of E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus; Streptoccocus; Salmonella; Shigella; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Enterococcus; Clostridium; Neisseria gonnorrhoea; Acinetobacter baumannii; and Campylobacter bacteria and the checkpoint inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of nivolumab, pembrolizumab, pidilizumab, AMP-224, AMP-514, STI-A1110, TSR-042, RG-7446, BMS-936559, MEDI-4736, MSB-0020718C, AUR-012 and STI-A1010. Further embodiments include enhancing the growth of a second bacteria in the individual, such bacteria including Akkermansia, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Enterococcus, Fusobacterium, Coprococcus, LactoBacillus, Propionibacterium, Ruminococcus, Veillonella, Prevotella, and F. prausnitzii. The CRISPR system may include Cas9, Cpf1 and Cas3, and may be delivered using a bacteriophage.