A guide system including a railway rail extending along an axis and including an upper element having a rolling face; a lower element having a bearing face; a connecting element between the lower and upper elements, at least one lateral recess being formed between the lower and upper elements; at least first and second attitude sensors fixed to the rail by glue at respective positions offset along the axis of the rail, the attitude sensors being housed at least partially in the lateral recess; a processing circuit configured to recover attitude measurements supplied by the first and second attitude sensors and configured to calculate a deformation of the railway rail relative to the axis as a function of the recovered attitude measurements.

A friction apparatus is provided. The friction apparatus includes: a first member having a first surface; and a second member having a second surface that contacts the first surface, and moving while in contact with the first member, wherein at least one of the first surface and the second surface is hardened.

Disclosed is a rail vibration absorber, comprising an elastic element (4), a mass (3) and at least one coupling frame (2). The coupling frame (2) has the same surface shape as a non-working surface coupling portion of a steel rail. The coupling frame (2) comprises at least one vibration absorption cavity (100). The mass (3) is at least partially disposed in the vibration absorption cavity (100) of the coupling frame (2). The elastic element (4) is arranged between the mass (3) and a wall of the vibration absorption cavity (100). The rail vibration absorber has a simple structure, stable performance and good weatherability, and can effectively slow wear to the steel rail and prolong the service life thereof.

Disclosed is a rail vibration absorber, comprising an elastic element (4), a mass (3) and at least one coupling frame (2). The coupling frame (2) has the same surface shape as a non-working surface coupling portion of a steel rail. The coupling frame (2) comprises at least one vibration absorption cavity (100). The mass (3) is at least partially disposed in the vibration absorption cavity (100) of the coupling frame (2). The elastic element (4) is arranged between the mass (3) and a wall of the vibration absorption cavity (100). The rail vibration absorber has a simple structure, stable performance and good weatherability, and can effectively slow wear to the steel rail and prolong the service life thereof.

A rail structure of steel rail track and steel wheel vehicle includes a track and a vehicle, wherein the track comprises: two main steel rails, one or two auxiliary rails, or no auxiliary rails, and a turnout; the main steel rails and the auxiliary rails form a ballastless track or a ballasted track; the vehicle comprises: a vehicle body, a main steel wheel, an auxiliary rail guide wheel, and an auxiliary rail action component; the main steel wheel has or has no wheel flange, the tread is a cylindrical surface, and the left and right main steel wheels are independent rolling wheel pairs, not rigid wheel pairs; the main steel wheel rolls on the main steel rail, supports the weight of the vehicle, and drives and brakes the vehicle.

A rail structure of steel rail track and steel wheel vehicle includes a track and a vehicle, wherein the track comprises: two main steel rails, one or two auxiliary rails, or no auxiliary rails, and a turnout; the main steel rails and the auxiliary rails form a ballastless track or a ballasted track; the vehicle comprises: a vehicle body, a main steel wheel, an auxiliary rail guide wheel, and an auxiliary rail action component; the main steel wheel has or has no wheel flange, the tread is a cylindrical surface, and the left and right main steel wheels are independent rolling wheel pairs, not rigid wheel pairs; the main steel wheel rolls on the main steel rail, supports the weight of the vehicle, and drives and brakes the vehicle.

A simulation system for a current collecting surface of a C-shaped contact rail includes a double-headed rail and a limiting plate. A current collecting end surface of the double-headed rail has a same current collection area as an actual C-shaped contact rail. The limiting plate matches the inner contour of the C-shaped contact rail. A constructed test line can simulate the current collecting status of the C-shaped contact rail. The limiting plate and the existing double-headed rail are combined, and compared with reproduction of the C-shaped contact rail, the manufacturing cycle is short, the costs are low, and it is applicable to the test line.

A simulation system for a current collecting surface of a C-shaped contact rail includes a double-headed rail and a limiting plate. A current collecting end surface of the double-headed rail has a same current collection area as an actual C-shaped contact rail. The limiting plate matches the inner contour of the C-shaped contact rail. A constructed test line can simulate the current collecting status of the C-shaped contact rail. The limiting plate and the existing double-headed rail are combined, and compared with reproduction of the C-shaped contact rail, the manufacturing cycle is short, the costs are low, and it is applicable to the test line.

According to one aspect of the present invention, what is provided is a rail including, by mass %: C: 0.75% to 1.20%; Si: 0.10% to 2.00%; Mn: 0.10% to 2.00%; Cr: 0.10% to 1.20%; V: 0.010% to 0.200%; N: 0.0030% to 0.0200%; P0.0250%; S0.0250%; Mo: 0% to 0.50%, Co: 0% to 1.00%; B: 0% to 0.0050%; Cu: 0% to 1.00%; Ni: 0% to 1.00%; Nb: 0% to 0.0500%; Ti: 0% to 0.0500%; Mg: 0% to 0.0200%; Ca: 0% to 0.0200%; REM: 0% to 0.0500%; Zr: 0% to 0.0200%; Al: 0% to 1.00%; and a remainder consisting of Fe and impurities, in which a structure ranging from an outer surface of a head portion as an origin to a depth of 25 mm includes 95% or greater of a pearlite structure by area ratio, the hardness of the structure is in a range of Hv 360 to 500, and in ferrite of the pearlite structure at a position at a depth of 25 mm from the outer surface of the head portion as the origin, the number density of a V nitride having a grain size of 0.5 to 4.0 nm and including Cr is in a range of 1.010.sup.17 to 5.010.sup.17 cm.sup.3.

According to one aspect of the present invention, what is provided is a rail including, by mass %: C: 0.75% to 1.20%; Si: 0.10% to 2.00%; Mn: 0.10% to 2.00%; Cr: 0.10% to 1.20%; V: 0.010% to 0.200%; N: 0.0030% to 0.0200%; P0.0250%; S0.0250%; Mo: 0% to 0.50%, Co: 0% to 1.00%; B: 0% to 0.0050%; Cu: 0% to 1.00%; Ni: 0% to 1.00%; Nb: 0% to 0.0500%; Ti: 0% to 0.0500%; Mg: 0% to 0.0200%; Ca: 0% to 0.0200%; REM: 0% to 0.0500%; Zr: 0% to 0.0200%; Al: 0% to 1.00%; and a remainder consisting of Fe and impurities, in which a structure ranging from an outer surface of a head portion as an origin to a depth of 25 mm includes 95% or greater of a pearlite structure by area ratio, the hardness of the structure is in a range of Hv 360 to 500, and in ferrite of the pearlite structure at a position at a depth of 25 mm from the outer surface of the head portion as the origin, the number density of a V nitride having a grain size of 0.5 to 4.0 nm and including Cr is in a range of 1.010.sup.17 to 5.010.sup.17 cm.sup.3.