Provided herein are compositions and methods for the induction and/or proliferation of CD8+ T-cells. The disclosure also provides methods of treatment of diseases that can be treated by the induction and/or proliferation of CD8+ T-cells.

Kits and composition comprising: (i) a thermo-responsive hydrogel characterized by a viscosity suitable for hardening after administration on a subject's skin; (ii) a bacterial growth medium; and optionally, (iii) a population of non-pathogenic viable bacteria, are provided. Methods for topically delivering a therapeutic or cosmeceutical agent such as for inhibiting or reducing growth of microorganisms on a subject's skin are further provided.

An anti-tumor composition, comprising: (A) Bifidobacterium longum; and (B) an immune checkpoint inhibitor, such as a PD-1 inhibitor, a PD-L1 inhibitor, and a CTLA-4 inhibitor. Also provided is a use of Bifidobacterium longum in preparing a drug for treating a tumor, wherein Bifidobacterium longum can be used in combination with an immune checkpoint inhibitor preparation.

Provided herein are embodiments directed to heme-responsive promoter sequences, heme-responsive repressor systems which may be used as probiotic bacteria and as bio-therapeutics, such probiotic bacteria and bio-therapeutics are described in methods of detecting bleeding in a mucosal environment, diagnosing in vivo bleeding in a mucosal environment, and treating in vivo bleeding in a mucosal environment.

The present invention relates to a composition for growing the population of microorganisms in a gut of monogastric animals, and methods for growing the same. The present invention also relates to a method for enhancing an average daily gain of monogastric animals.

Fermented milk products can provide multiple benefits. However, it was commonly believed that fermented milk products are not suitable for the administration to canids as e.g. dogs can be intolerant to lactose. The present invention provides fermented milk products for administration to canids.

Probiotic compositions containing non-pathogenic microbial entities, e.g., bacterial entities, are described herein. The probiotic compositions may optionally contain or be used in conjunction with one or more prebiotics. Uses of the probiotic compositions to treat or prevent disorders of the local or systemic microbiome in a subject are also provided.

A particular Bifidobacterium spp. strain or particular Lactobacillus spp. strain according to the present invention is isolated from excrement of a human or cabbage kimchi, and thus is highly safe and has physiological activities such as an immunity regulatory effect and an inflammation reaction inhibiting effect. Therefore, the particular Bifidobacterium spp. strain or particular Lactobacillus spp. strain according to the present invention may be used as a material for regulating immunity and inhibiting inflammation reactions, and may be also used as a functional food and drug material useful for preventing, alleviating or treating rhinitis, atopy, asthma, etc. which are allergic diseases.

The present invention provides compositions and methods for enhancing the health of a subject by, for example, restoring the subjects gut microbiome, increasing water and electrolyte absorption in the digestive tract, and/or providing a therapeutic substance to the subject. In certain specific embodiments, the present invention can be used for ameliorating the adverse physiological effects that can result from the presence of one or more detrimental microorganisms in a subjects gut. In certain specific embodiments, the present invention can also be used as an enhanced mode of hydration or re-hydration, particularly for subjects suffering from, for example, a condition that causes vomiting and/or diarrhea.

The present invention discloses a nano-armored single cell product, comprising a liposome and probiotics encapsulated by the liposome, wherein the probiotics are fermented to produce gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that alleviates the activation of an inflammatory response in substantia nigra inducedin a MPTP induced PD model, thus mitigating an inflammatory injury to dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra and having a neuroprotective effect; encapsulation of the probiotics by the liposome can protect the probiotics from strong acids and digestive enzymes in gastric acid. The present invention uses the nano-armored single cell product for treating Parkinson's disease through bacteria and a preparation method thereof; with full use of the advantages of nano armor and bacterial treatment, the present invention decorates a single living cell with a nano armor coating, which can not only prevent toxic side effects caused by an excessive local GABA concentration, but also maintain GABA within a stable concentration range in the body, thus greatly improving the half-life period and neurological rehabilitation effect.