The present invention relates generally to the treatment of PML by infusion of activated and expanded autologous lymphocytes.

The invention relates to a method for determination of the frequency of regulatory T-cells in samples obtained from human blood and to methods for the preparation of compositions comprising predetermined amount of regulatory T-cells. The invention is based on the conception that a large fraction of regulatory T-cells present in human peripheral blood do not express detectable amounts of Foxp3, the master transcription factor used for identification of regulatory T-cells, as a result of cytokine deprivation outside of the tissue context.

The present disclosure relates to methods of inducing tolerance to lung allograft transplantation. These methods comprise increasing suppressor CD8.sup.+ T cells and/or suppressing deleterious CD8+ and CD4.sup.+ T cells.

Disclosed herein are pluripotent stem cells cultured with one or more peptide and methods of isolating said stem cells. Also disclosed are methods of targeting the stem cells to a desired region or area within an organism. Also disclosed are methods of using the isolated stem cells for the improvement of fertility, for the promotion of hair growth, for the treatment or prevention of skin conditions, for the treatment or improvement of bone disorders, for the treatment of malignancies, and for the treatment of neurological disorders.

Disclosed are means, methods and compositions useful for the prevention, inhibition, and regression of a neoplastic growth through altering the tumor microenvironment using neurons, derivatives from neurons, and neuromodulating agents and/or energy-based approaches. In one embodiment allogeneic neuronal cells are generated from pluripotent stem cells and administered locally in tumor microenvironment to induce an alteration tumor growth directly or in combination with other therapeutic approaches. In some embodiments exosomes from allogeneic neuronal cells are administered as a therapeutic agent. In other embodiments of the invention re-innervation of tumor tissue and/or alteration of neurons innervating said tumor issue is performed by administration of neurotrophic factors.

Methods for treating malignancies such as hematological malignancies, including myeloma, that are resistant to tissue transplant treatments and that can be characterized by an increased risk of relapse or graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). A method for treatment includes transplanting a tissue that includes T cells to a subject, enriching for a stem-like memory T cell phenotype in the T cells, and stimulating the T cells to enhance a graft-versus-tumor (GVT) response of the T cells. The enriching for the stem-like memory T cell phenotype can include depletion of exhausted alloreactive T cells with a post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PT-Cy) treatment and the stimulating the T cells can include an agonist immunotherapy, such as a decoy-resistant IL-18 (DR-18) treatment, to enhance the GVT response.

An object of the present invention is to provide a pluripotent cell having high safety in application to regenerative medicine, and a method for production thereof. Another object of the present invention is to provide a pluripotent cell, particularly, having less concern for safety, such as a problem of cancerization of a cell, and the presence of bacteria in a cell, and a method for production thereof. According to the present invention, there is provided a method for producing a pluripotent cell from a somatic cell. The method comprises a step of inducing reprogramming of a somatic cell, by contacting the cell with a ribosome fraction derived from an organism. Further, according to the present invention, there is provided a composition for inducing reprogramming of a cell, comprising a ribosome fraction derived from an organism.

ILC2 cells play a role in the pathogenesis of graft versus host disease (GvHD) and idiopathic pneumonia syndrome (IPS), both conditions associated with allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Infusion of IL-33 activated ILC2 cells into patients with ongoing GvHD or IPS, or prior to onset of GvHD or IPS in susceptible patients, substantially ameliorates the disease and improves survival.

FOXP3.sup.+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) can represent powerful adoptive immunotherapies for autoimmune diseases, metabolic diseases, and other chronic inflammatory diseases. The present invention is related to the ability to maintain and expand stable Treg lines and can provide insight into FOXP3.sup.+ Treg physiology and can enable feasible strategies of Treg-based immunotherapy.

The disclosure provides methods for improved hematopoietic stem cell transplantations, including methods to enhance protection from graft versus host disease while maintaining effective immune responses such as graft versus tumor immune responses. The disclosure provides methods for administering, for example, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, regulatory T cells, and conventional T cells, wherein the conventional T cells are administered after the hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and regulatory T cells. The disclosure also provides methods for administering, for example, hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, regulatory T cells, and conventional T cells, wherein the regulatory T cells have not been cryopreserved prior to administration.