A composition for promoting development of the intestinal tract, a composition for improving lung function or a composition for improving immune function containing a bacterium belonging to Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis is provided. The bacterium is preferably Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis M-63 (NITE BP-02623).

Methods of decreasing muscle atrophy and/or promoting muscle regeneration in a subject at risk of muscle atrophy comprise orally administering a nutritional composition comprising at least one of protein, fat and carbohydrate, and bovine milk-isolated exosomes comprising intact exosomes. In specific embodiments, the subject suffers from malnutrition, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), cancer, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), or a burn injury, or has undergone clinical corticosteroid treatment.

Methods of decreasing muscle atrophy and/or promoting muscle regeneration in a subject at risk of muscle atrophy comprise orally administering a nutritional composition comprising at least one of protein, fat and carbohydrate, and bovine milk-isolated exosomes comprising intact exosomes. In specific embodiments, the subject suffers from malnutrition, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), cancer, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), or a burn injury, or has undergone clinical corticosteroid treatment.

Disclosed are methods of reducing the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in an infant, toddler, or child using nutritional compositions including human milk oligosaccharides. The nutritional compositions including the human milk oligosaccharides are effective in reducing inflammation and the incidence of inflammatory diseases.

Disclosed are methods of reducing the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis in an infant, toddler, or child using nutritional compositions including human milk oligosaccharides. The nutritional compositions including the human milk oligosaccharides are effective in reducing inflammation and the incidence of inflammatory diseases.

A method and composition including an effective amount of one or more synthetic neutral HMOs are disclosed for modulating the microbiota in the gastro-intestinal tracts of non-infant humans who are carriers of the human fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) genetic mutation and for improving one or more gastrointestinal conditions.

A method and composition including an effective amount of one or more synthetic neutral HMOs are disclosed for modulating the microbiota in the gastro-intestinal tracts of non-infant humans who are carriers of the human fucosyltransferase 2 (FUT2) genetic mutation and for improving one or more gastrointestinal conditions.

Bovine milk-isolated powdered exosomes comprise intact exosomes. Nutritional compositions comprise protein, carbohydrate, and/or fat, and exosomes isolated from bovine milk. A method of preparing powdered exosomes comprises centrifuging bovine milk to form a lipid fraction top layer, a whey fraction middle layer, and a first pellet of cells and debris, separating the whey fraction and centrifuging the separated whey fraction to remove additional fat, casein aggregates and debris and form a substantially clear whey fraction, microfiltering the substantially clear whey fraction to remove residual debris, centrifuging the microfiltered whey fraction to obtain a pellet containing exosomes, incubating the exosome-containing pellet in aqueous medium to dissolve the pellet without disrupting exosome membranes to provide an exosome suspension, and drying the suspension to obtain the powdered exosomes. Methods of lowering a risk of developing, or treating, insulin resistance, prediabetes, or diabetes in a subject employ exosomes

Bovine milk-isolated powdered exosomes comprise intact exosomes. Nutritional compositions comprise protein, carbohydrate, and/or fat, and exosomes isolated from bovine milk. A method of preparing powdered exosomes comprises centrifuging bovine milk to form a lipid fraction top layer, a whey fraction middle layer, and a first pellet of cells and debris, separating the whey fraction and centrifuging the separated whey fraction to remove additional fat, casein aggregates and debris and form a substantially clear whey fraction, microfiltering the substantially clear whey fraction to remove residual debris, centrifuging the microfiltered whey fraction to obtain a pellet containing exosomes, incubating the exosome-containing pellet in aqueous medium to dissolve the pellet without disrupting exosome membranes to provide an exosome suspension, and drying the suspension to obtain the powdered exosomes. Methods of lowering a risk of developing, or treating, insulin resistance, prediabetes, or diabetes in a subject employ exosomes

A microcapsule and a preparation method thereof, especially a multi-layer microcapsule containing an active substance and a preparation method thereof, the microcapsule having a single-layer or a multiple-layer encapsulation structure. A probiotic microcapsule and a preparation method thereof, the probiotic microcapsule having a single-layer or a multi-layer encapsulation structure. A food product or a health product containing a probiotic microcapsule (comprising a dairy product, a fermented-style food product, a beverage, chocolate, candy, a baked good, a fruit or vegetable juice product, etc. containing a probiotic microcapsule) and a preparation method thereof. A probiotic microcapsule soft powder and a preparation method thereof, the probiotic microcapsule soft powder comprising probiotic microcapsule nata de coco soft powder and probiotic microcapsule gel ball soft powder.