An expanded multilayer integral geogrid includes a plurality of oriented strands interconnected by partially oriented junctions having an array of openings therein that is produced from a coextruded or laminated multilayer polymer starting sheet. The integral geogrid has a multilayer construction, with at least one inner layer thereof having a structure that is expanded relative to at least one other layer of the multiple layers. By virtue of the expanded inner layer structure, the expanded multilayer integral geogrid provides for increased layer compressibility under load, resulting in enhanced material properties that provide performance benefits to use of the expanded multilayer integral geogrid in soil geosynthetic reinforcement, and economic benefits compared to a like integral geogrid without an expanded inner layer structure.

Disclosed are light weight foam retaining wall systems configured to mitigate or eliminate material creep by reducing strain exhibited in vertical elements of the system to no more than about 1.5%, or no more than about 1.0%. The retaining wall system may comprise a vertical element, a buttress element arranged at a lower end of the vertical element, and a tieback element arranged at a lower end of the buttress element. The buttress element may include an interior angled face configured to reduce the strain exhibited at the vertical element. The tieback element may extend inwardly relative to a retaining wall face of the vertical element and may be configured to support a load from fill material to counteract a lateral force from the fill material acting on the vertical elements. Also disclosed are methods of installing such a retaining wall system.

A cement form includes a unitary body portion having a first surface arranged vertically and configured to support a volume of cement, a second surface arranged horizontally and configured to contact a ground support surface, a foam material, and a detachable portion. The cement form may include a connector groove formed in the weight bearing surface and extending along at least a portion of a length of the body portion. The connector groove is configured to receive a connecting member that extends between adjacent positioned cement forms. The detachable portion may be positioned adjacent to the connector groove.

An expanded multilayer integral geogrid includes a plurality of oriented strands interconnected by partially oriented junctions having an array of openings therein that is produced from a coextruded or laminated multilayer polymer starting sheet. The integral geogrid has a multilayer construction, with at least one inner layer thereof having a structure that is expanded relative to at least one other layer of the multiple layers. By virtue of the expanded inner layer structure, the expanded multilayer integral geogrid provides for increased layer compressibility under load, resulting in enhanced material properties that provide performance benefits to use of the expanded multilayer integral geogrid in soil geosynthetic reinforcement, and economic benefits compared to a like integral geogrid without an expanded inner layer structure.

A modular foundation structure for artificial surface systems may include a plurality foundation sections. Each of the foundation section may comprise a structure base layer, an adhesive layer, and an impact and thermal protective layer. The adhesive layer may cover the structural base layer, and the impact and thermal protective layer may be attached to the structural base layer via the adhesive layer. The foundation sections may be provided as separate foundation sections that may be positionable to be attached to one another to form the modular foundation structure. The foundation sections may be attachable one another with a section adhesive. Embodiments may include a connection edge that may be positioned to surround and abut a perimeter of the modular foundation structure. Embodiments may also include an artificial surface layer that may be positioned to cover an upper surface area of the modular foundation structure.

In one or more arrangements a system and method are presented for transfer of tensile and compressive forces in stabilization of retaining walls, foundations, elevated decks, and/or other structures. The anchors support the weight 4-14 below the original bearing point. It minimizes the surcharge loads created by the weight of the wall and thus allows them to be spaced closer to one another. The system utilizes a non-corrosive hollow tie-back anchor and a high-density polymer foam injection technique. The system includes a hollow non-corrosive rod, which is used as a tie back anchor by driving the rod into the earth and injecting high-density polymer foam therethrough to form an anchor. A major part of the application is its adaptability to be used in difficult to access areas.