A method and device for preparing karst caves based on 3D printing technology. The method includes the following steps: determining size of a sample according to test requirements, constructing a 3D karst cave digital model based on three-dimensional karst cave scanning result, and carrying out 3D printing by using alloy to form primary karst cave sample; preparing rock similar material mixture according to proportioning scheme; pouring mixture into sample mold while burying karst cave model into mixture according to position of a karst cave; curing sample together with mold at room temperature until rock similar materials get hardened, removing mold, curing formed karst cave rock sample at constant temperature and constant humidity and then baking or heating same by electrifying heating wire in alloy to form rock sample with hollow karst cave; and filling hollow karst cave with different fillings to form different type of karst cave sample.

Soil penetrometers capable of measuring soil reflectance along the direction of insertion of the penetrometer are provided. The penetrometer can house an array of sensors, such as, for example, a Vis-NIR reflectance sensor, a load cell, a displacement sensor, and a moisture sensor. The reflectance data collected using the penetrometer can allow the interpretation and quantification of soil constituents and contaminants at high vertical resolution, such as 3 cm or more.

An underground sampling tool (HTMS) for underground water analysis of both quality and flow rate, providing the information required to perform an underground drilling and obtain uncontaminated water for crop irrigation, said tool comprising: a housing for the electronic and electrical controls, a housing for the hydraulic means controlled by the electric and electronic portion of the tool, a test body consisting of a variety of hydraulic circuits for operating the various operating valves of the tool, wherein said test body further comprises: a rear shoe on an axial axis of the tool, wherein said rear shoe is driven by two telescoping pistons simultaneously that arise from the inside of the tool when driven by a signal of a surface equipment operably enabled for this purpose, and a front shoe, driven by several pistons which are housed below the front shoe, not shown in the figures, and driven by one or more electro-pneumatic devices acting jointly and generating a progressive forward or backward movement of the front shoe. Process for the collection and analysis of samples in a wellbore using said tool.

The present invention is an apparatus which executes a photogrammetry method for calculating soil density. After a user excavates soil, measures the mass of the excavated soil and takes multiple images of the excavation site in combination with a calibration object, a data processor uses the various values obtained from the collected images to create a point cloud data object. The processor used this point cloud data object to create a visual representation of the hole. The processor rotates and scales the visual representation. The processor also uses the point cloud data object in volumetric calculations to determine the volume of the hole. Together with the soil mass, the volume allows calculation of soil density.

The expandable jacket and flexible ring comprises of the segmented circular arch shaped plates and bands or rings around the segmented plates. The test preparation consists of a membrane surrounding a specimen with or without a filter, segmented plates surrounding the membrane, and bands or rings around the segmented plates to permit uniform radial expansion of the specimen through its height when increments of vertical load are applied during the test, thereby providing accurate values of area of cross-section, deviator stress, volume change, modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio and shear strength. Using the flexible ring, three-dimensional consolidation tests are performed to determine three-dimensional coefficient of consolidation and coefficients of consolidation in horizontal and vertical directions. Removable attachments are used for assembling the expandable jacket and flexible ring during the test. A calibration device is used to determine the modulus of elasticity of the membrane and expandable jacket and flexible ring.

The expandable jacket and flexible ring comprises of the segmented circular arch shaped plates and bands or rings around the segmented plates. The test preparation consists of a membrane surrounding a specimen with or without a filter, segmented plates surrounding the membrane, and bands or rings around the segmented plates to permit uniform radial expansion of the specimen through its height when increments of vertical load are applied during the test, thereby providing accurate values of area of cross-section, deviator stress, volume change, modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio and shear strength. Using the flexible ring, three-dimensional consolidation tests are performed to determine three-dimensional coefficient of consolidation and coefficients of consolidation in horizontal and vertical directions. Removable attachments are used for assembling the expandable jacket and flexible ring during the test. A calibration device is used to determine the modulus of elasticity of the membrane and expandable jacket and flexible ring.

A method can include receiving fluid saturation data for fluid saturation parameters associated with permeabilities of a multidimensional spatial model of a geologic environment; adjusting at least a portion of the fluid saturation data to provide adjusted fluid saturation data by optimizing a quadratic function subject to linear constraints; and simulating flow of fluid using the adjusted fluid saturation data for fluid saturation parameters associated with permeabilities and the multidimensional spatial model of the geologic environment.

Embodiments of the disclosure provide a cone penetrometer test sounding system (CPTSS) and methods of operation. The CPTSS comprises an upper clamp and a lower clamp in a vertical orientation such that a rod string may span both the upper and lower clamp assemblies. The upper clamp assembly may work in cooperation with the lower clamp assembly to continuously push the rod string comprising a cone penetrometer into the ground to test the ground soil. The upper clamp assembly may clamp the rod string and push the cone penetrometer into the ground while the lower clamp assembly moves upward while not engaged with the rod string. The lower clamp assembly may then engage the rod string while the upper clamp assembly disengages the rod string, and the lower clamp assembly then pushes the cone penetrometer into the ground in a hand-over-hand method.

A gravity-type pore pressure dynamic penetration device for exploration of shallow-layer seabed soil includes a third drop hammer, a second drop hammer, a first drop hammer, a stable empennage, and a probe rod which are sequentially arranged from top to bottom. A sidewall friction sleeve is arranged outside a probe rod lower cylinder. A friction sleeve sensor is provided on an inner sidewall of the sidewall friction sleeve. A first pore water pressure sensor, a conical tip pressure sensor, a temperature compensation sensor, and an inclinometer sensor are provided in the middle of the probe rod lower cylinder. A second pore water pressure sensor and an acceleration sensor are provided in the middle of a probe rod upper cylinder. The tail portion of the probe rod, that is, the upper portion of the probe rod upper cylinder is connected to the stable empennage.

Disclosed are a polyacrylamide-containing indirect negative cavity water pressure measurement system and a polyacrylamide-containing indirect negative cavity water pressure measurement method suitable for use with this system, which simplify the processes of measuring values related to the relative humidity value of any porous medium, such as the negative cavity water pressure of the ground (soil), the water activity values of foods, etc., reducing the measurement costs, increasing the accuracy and precision of the measured values.