An electrical resistance heating element includes a non-rigid open mesh forming a grid. The mesh has opposed peripheral edges, each having an electrical conductor extending along a portion of the length thereof. One of the electrical conductors is configured to receive a positive electrical charge, and the other one of the electrical conductors is configured to receive a negative electrical charge. The mesh and the electrical conductors are coated with a conductive material, and the conductive material electrically connects the electrical conductors with one another. Further, the conductive material is electrically insulated with a dielectric material.

A modular heated surface system which can quickly be assembled from several pieces. The system can be designed to fit sidewalks and driveways of any size and includes durable surfaces for driving vehicles across the platforms. A drain assembly is included to ensure that the water produced from melted ice and snow is properly drained away from the heated surface. The system is powered by plugging the system into a standard 120V outlet.

A puncture-resistant, electrically-energized sheet heater comprises a conductive polymeric film laminated between a top puncture-resistant, polymeric protective layer and a bottom backing layer that may comprise an insulated backing layer of extruded polystyrene closed-cell foam board. The heater is appointed to be placed beneath, or embedded in, a pavement material, and energized to provide heat to remove frozen precipitation from the pavement, or prevent it from accumulating thereon.

An apparatus and method heat a structure during frozen precipitation. The apparatus comprises: (i) heating means for heating the structure; a control unit 14 for controlling operation of the heating means; and a frozen precipitation forecast sensor that: receives, over a time frame, weather data for a geographic region of the structure; determines, at time instances during the time frame, whether there is a likelihood of frozen precipitation in a geographic zone around the structure based on the received weather data; and transmits command signals to the control unit based on the determinations of whether there is a likelihood of frozen precipitation in the geographic zone around the structure. The command signals can be commands to the control unit for the operational state of the heating means.

The illuminated heated driveway is an overlay panel that covers and heats a covered area exemplified by, but not limited to, a driveway or a sidewalk. Multiple overlay panels may be conjoined to cover an area larger than a single overlay panel. The overlay panels are powered by a power assembly that couples to a connector on one of the overlay panels. Additional connectors may electrically couple adjacent overlay panels. Within each overlay panel, a heating element and a lighting system is electrically connected to the power connectors. The heating element may melt wintry weather that accumulates on the panel and the lighting system may cause the panel to glow for improved visibility. The power assembly may comprise a time to turn the panel on and off throughout the day.

A modular system for streets formed of a top module, a bottom module, an internal cavity formed within the bottom module, cables positioned within said bottom module, a computing device, sensors operatively associated with said computing device, and communications hardware configured to communicate information from said sensors to a second computing device positioned exterior to said modular system.

In accordance with some embodiments of the invention, a deicing cassette for connection to a substrate is provided. The deicing cassette includes a panel having a top, an underside, and a plurality of edges, the top of the panel configured as a walking surface. The deicing cassette further includes a heating system secured in thermal contact with the underside of the panel. Additionally, the deicing cassette includes a polymeric support system fastened to at least one edge of the panel and configured to support the panel and provide the panel at least one of thermal insulation or galvanic insulation from the substrate.

Systems and methods for a permeable pavement system are described. The permeable pavement system includes blocks designed to facilitate water seepage between the blocks and to permit water storage within the blocks. The blocks may be cabled together to create paving units that facilitate installation and maintenance of the pavement system. The permeable pavement system may also be heated to a predetermined range with either electrical energy or hydronic heating.

The present embodiment relates to a planar heating composite sheet including: a planar heating layer including a base sheet having a predetermined width and length, a plurality of electrodes coated to an upper surface of the base sheet along a width direction of the base sheet, with different polarities being alternately arranged at regular intervals along a length direction of the base sheet, a conductive paste coated entirely between the plurality of electrodes on the upper surface of the base sheet and generating heat by electrical resistance, and an insulating sheet made of a synthetic resin material and attached to an upper portion of the conductive paste; and a heat insulating layer including a heat insulating sheet attached to a lower portion of the planar heating layer and including a non-woven fabric impregnated with aerogel, and a protective sheet made of a synthetic resin material.

A building system comprising of a plurality of panels wherein the building system is configured to be either superposed an existing structure or a ground surface. The plurality of panels of the building system are shaped so as to be mateable when place adjacent to each other. The panels include a bottom and walls that form an interior volume. The bottom and walls of the panels are manufactured from a thermally conductive material such as but not limited to metal. The interior volume of the panels are filled with a lightweight structural material such as but not limited to polyurethane foam or autoclaved concrete. A first temperature source is disposed within the panels and is configured to have a fluid pass therethrough. A second temperature source is present and is a heating element. The panels are operable to utilize either temperature sources.