The present invention provides for a compressible grout mix for filling an annular gap between a tunnel rock wall surface and a tunnel liner of a tunnel in a rock formation subject to time dependent deformation after excavation and a method of filling the annular gap between a tunnel rock wall surface and a tunnel liner of a tunnel in a rock formation subject to time dependent deformation after excavation utilizing the compressible grout mix for resilient absorption of forces in the hardened state of the compressible grout mix exerted by the time dependent deformation of the rock wall surface into the tunnel opening. The method includes: a. providing the compressible grout mix comprising hydraulic binding agent, bentonite clay, polymer foam particles, water-reducing admixture, water and air, b. placing the compressible grout mix in the annular gap between the tunnel wall rock surface and the tunnel liner, and c. allowing the compressible grout mix to set, wherein the compressible grout mix in the hardened state has a compressible ratio greater than the anticipated time dependent deformation.

A method for deformation control of large-span tunnel in chlorite schist stratum. The method divides the large deformation of large-span tunnel in chlorite schist stratum into five deformation grades according to the surrounding rock conditions of the tunnel. In response to each deformation grade, the deformation control of large-span tunnel is determined so as to ensure the safety and stability of the tunnel support structure and to avoid the clearance intrusion caused by tunnel deformation.

The invention relates to a control fitting having a two-way cross-fitting, which has an inlet connecting piece, an outlet connecting piece and a passage connecting piece, and having a control element which is arranged in a guide connecting piece of the control fitting so as to be movable between an open position and a closed position, wherein the outlet connecting piece, in the open position of the control element, communicates with the inlet connecting piece and, in the closed position of the control element, is blocked relative to the inlet connecting piece and the passage connecting piece communicates with the inlet connecting piece both in the open position and in the closed position of the control element, and wherein the guide connecting piece has, on an end remote from the outlet connecting piece, an opening for receiving the control element.

A method for deformation control of large-span tunnel in chlorite schist stratum. The method divides the large deformation of large-span tunnel in chlorite schist stratum into five deformation grades according to the surrounding rock conditions of the tunnel. In response to each deformation grade, the deformation control of large-span tunnel is determined so as to ensure the safety and stability of the tunnel support structure and to avoid the clearance intrusion caused by tunnel deformation.

The present invention relates to a compressible grout mix for use as a fill in applications requiring absorption of compressive or deformation stresses between subterranean formations and subterranean structures as well as a method of filling a gap between subterranean formations and subterranean structures in a subterranean formation subject to compressive or deformation stresses utilizing the compressible grout mix for resilient absorption of forces in the hardened state of the compressible grout mix exerted by the time dependent deformation of the rock wall surface into the tunnel opening. The compressible grout mix contains hydraulic binding agent, polymer foam particles, anti-wash agent, and water and the method includes: a. providing the compressible grout mix containing hydraulic binding agent, polymer foam particles, anti-wash agent, and water, b. placing the compressible grout mix in the gap between the subterranean formation and the subterranean structure, and c. allowing the compressible grout mix to set, wherein the compressible grout mix in the hardened state has a compressible ratio greater than the anticipated compressive and deformation stresses of the subterranean formation.

The invention relates to a control fitting having a two-way cross-fitting, which has an inlet connecting piece, an outlet connecting piece and a passage connecting piece, and having a control element which is arranged in a guide connecting piece of the control fitting so as to be movable between an open position and a closed position, wherein the outlet connecting piece, in the open position of the control element, communicates with the inlet connecting piece and, in the closed position of the control element, is blocked relative to the inlet connecting piece and the passage connecting piece communicates with the inlet connecting piece both in the open position and in the closed position of the control element, and wherein the guide connecting piece has, on an end remote from the outlet connecting piece, an opening for receiving the control element.

A method for coating a support with a lightweight insulating shotcrete, includes preparing the shotcrete by mixing, in predetermined proportions, at least a fibrous aggregate, a binder and water; pouring the prepared shotcrete in a tank; having at least one outlet; continuously moving the wet shotcrete in the tank until it reaches the or each outlet; sucking the wet shotcrete along a feeding pipe linking the outlet of the tank to a spraying gun, with a Venturi hose fed with pressurized air, included in the spraying gun; spraying the sucked shotcrete on the support with the spraying gun.

A formwork system (10; 60), especially for tunnel construction, includes at least one support arrangement (14) for supporting at least one formwork element (16-26; 72-78). The formwork system further includes at least one concrete pump (36), a plurality of concrete supply units (42) for supply to the formwork element and at least one controller (32). On the formwork element (16-26; 72-78) and/or on the support arrangement (14) at least two pressure sensors (44; 92) are disposed at different vertical positions and are connected to the controller (32) of the formwork system, which pressure sensors (44; 92) are designed to measure the pressure acting upon the formwork elements (16-26; 72-78) at a minimum of two different heights of the formwork element, and that the controller (32) is designed to control the concrete supply units (42) individually, dependent on the signal from the pressure sensors (44; 92).

A tunnel formwork device includes a frame and at least two support structures connectable to the frame of the tunnel formwork device and spaced apart from each other in the longitudinal direction of the tunnel formwork device for supporting the frame on a tunnel floor. The frame carries at least two hydraulic support cylinders at at least two positions spaced apart from one another in the longitudinal direction, which support cylinders can be connected to longitudinal beams running in the longitudinal direction. The longitudinal beams carry tunnel formwork elements of the tunnel formwork apparatus. At least one lifting device is arranged on the frame, which lifting device carries at least one working platform. The lifting device has a lifting drive for moving the working platform relative to the frame.

A method of incorporating a compressible cementitious composition into a subterranean structure having a tunnel including: (a) incorporating a compressible cementitious composition into annular gaps formed around the tunnel of the subterranean structure, and (b) allowing the compressible cementitious composition to cure to a hardened cementitious material within the annular gaps. Further, the compressible cementitious composition includes: (i) water; (ii) a cementitious material; and (iii) a rubber material, in which the rubber material comprises at least 15 weight % of the composition based on the total weight of the composition. A subterranean system and compressible cementitious composition is also included.