An exhaust gas purification system for lowering the content of impurities in a lean exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine comprising, a feeding device that feeds ammonia or a compound decomposable to ammonia into an exhaust gas stream containing nitrogen oxides; a selective catalytic reduction catalyst comprising vanadium (V-SCR catalyst) which catalyzes the nitrogen oxides with ammonia in a temperature range of about 150° C. to about 400° C. and at an NO.sub.2/NO.sub.x ratio of about 0.3 to about 0.9; and a downstream system comprising a diesel oxidation catalyst.

A computer-implemented method for training a machine learning system for generating driving profiles and/or driving routes of a vehicle including: a generator obtains first random vectors and generates first driving routes and associated first driving profiles related to the first random vectors, driving routes and respectively associated driving profiles recorded in driving mode are stored in a data base, second driving routes and respectively associated second driving profiles recorded in driving mode are selected from the database, a discriminator obtains first pairs made up of first generated driving routes and respectively associated first generated driving profiles and second pairs made up of second driving routes and respectively associated second driving profiles recorded in driving mode, the discriminator calculates outputs that characterize each pair, and a target function is optimized as a function of the outputs of the discriminator.

A computer-implemented method for training a machine learning system for generating driving profiles and/or driving routes of a vehicle including: a generator obtains first random vectors and generates first driving routes and associated first driving profiles related to the first random vectors, driving routes and respectively associated driving profiles recorded in driving mode are stored in a data base, second driving routes and respectively associated second driving profiles recorded in driving mode are selected from the database, a discriminator obtains first pairs made up of first generated driving routes and respectively associated first generated driving profiles and second pairs made up of second driving routes and respectively associated second driving profiles recorded in driving mode, the discriminator calculates outputs that characterize each pair, and a target function is optimized as a function of the outputs of the discriminator.

An evaporative emission control canister system comprises an initial adsorbent volume having an effective incremental adsorption capacity at 25° C. of greater than 35 grams n-butane/L between vapor concentration of 5 vol % and 50 vol % n-butane, and at least one subsequent adsorbent volume having an effective incremental adsorption capacity at 25° C. of less than 35 grams n-butane/L between vapor concentration of 5 vol % and 50 vol % n-butane, an effective butane working capacity (BWC) of less than 3 g/dL, and a g-total BWC of between 2 grams and 6 grams. The evaporative emission control canister system has a two-day diurnal breathing loss (DBL) emissions of no more than 20 mg at no more than 210 liters of purge applied after the 40 g/hr butane loading step.

An exhaust system according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention includes a nitrogen oxide storing catalytic collector connected to an exhaust line and collecting a nitrogen oxide included an exhaust gas in a first temperature or less; a first selective catalytic reducer disposed at a rear portion of the nitrogen oxide storing catalytic collector and reducing a nitrogen oxide included in the exhaust gas; and a first urea injector disposed at the front side of the nitrogen oxide storing catalytic collector and supplying a urea solution when a temperature of the nitrogen oxide exceeds the first temperature.

System and methods are described for optimizing exhaust flow rate and temperature during specified operational periods warm-up and keep-warm conditions, by minimizing or maximizing heat flux during those specified operational periods.

When a catalyst temperature of a catalyst device is at or below a lower limit air-fuel ratio richness control is prohibited. When a first timing, where an estimated value of a NOx storage amount has reached an enrichment start threshold value, and a second timing, based on a set interval time in an enrichment interval time map, are both satisfied, the control is started. The second timing is corrected by multiplying the set interval time by an enrichment interval correction coefficient preset based on the catalyst temperature and a storage ratio of the estimated value of the NOx storage amount to an enrichment start threshold value of the NOx storage amount. The frequency of the air-fuel ratio richness control of a catalyst device configured to recover a purification capacity of a catalyst is reduced, and the catalyst temperature is raised while preventing white smoke development and hydrocarbon slip, to thereby achieve improvement in exhaust gas composition and improvement in fuel efficiency.

An exhaust system for treating an exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine is disclosed. The system comprises a modified lean NO.sub.x trap (LNT), a urea injection system, and an ammonia-selective catalytic reduction catalyst. The modified LNT comprises a first layer and a second layer. The first layer comprises a NO.sub.x adsorbent component and one or more platinum group metals. The second layer comprises a diesel oxidation catalyst zone and an NO oxidation zone. The diesel oxidation catalyst zone comprises a platinum group metal, a zeolite, and optionally an alkaline earth metal. The NO oxidation zone comprises a platinum group metal and a carrier. The modified LNT stores NO.sub.x at temperatures below about 200° C. and releases at temperatures above about 200° C. The modified LNT and a method of using the modified LNT are also disclosed.

A wet inline scrubber with a side inlet using alkali scrubber fluid for reducing the amount of SOx in the exhaust gas of engines of a marine vessel, including a vertically extending exhaust gas reaction tube, lower and upper scrubbing chamber including alkali scrubber fluid injectors to scrub the exhaust gas, and a used scrubber fluid drain. The lower chamber has an exhaust gas outlet with a central opening arranged to let the exhaust gas pass through and a body extending from the central opening up to an outer wall thereof which is in contact with the inner wall of the exhaust gas reaction tube. Between the body and the inner wall, slit-shaped openings allow scrubber fluid to flow from the upper scrubbing chamber to the lower scrubbing chamber and used scrubber fluid to flow over the inlet side for the exhaust gas in the lower scrubbing chamber.

Aspects of the present invention relate to a control system for a vehicle (10) and an associated method of controlling a vehicle (10). The control system comprises one or more controllers, the control system being configured to: receive at least one identity signal indicative of an identity of a driver of the vehicle (10); determine a driver profile in accordance with a driver identity indicated by the or each identity signal; estimate a driver intent in accordance with the driver profile; and schedule a vehicle action in accordance with the driver intent.