In order to provide a method for the purification of a raw gas stream containing water vapour that is simple and cost-efficient to perform, it is proposed that the method should comprise the following: feeding the raw gas stream to a reforming region in which contaminants in the raw gas stream react chemically with the water vapour in the raw gas stream, as a result of which a reformed raw gas stream is obtained; feeding the reformed raw gas stream and an oxidising agent stream to an oxidation region in which constituent parts of the reformed raw gas stream react chemically with oxidising agent of the oxidising agent stream, as a result of which a clean gas stream is obtained. Moreover, optionally a closed-loop control of the oxygen content is provided. Further, it is optionally provided for the clean gas stream to be fed to a condenser, as a result of which the volumetric flow of the clean gas stream is reduced and/or as a result of which energy can be recovered and used for pre-heating the oxidising agent and for other production processes.

A heat exchanger including a shell extending in a longitudinal direction D from a first end to a second end and including a mantle extending from the first end to the second end, and a solid inner core made of a core material and located inside the shell, the core extending in direction D from a first extremity towards the first end to a second extremity towards the second end. Whereby, at least one first flow path is provided inside the core, each first flow path extending from the first extremity to the second extremity of the core, n circuitous second flow paths extend through the core and/or between the core and the mantle, so that the at least one first flow path is surrounded by the n second flow paths over a non-zero rectilinear distance ΔL in direction D, n being an integer greater than 1.

The subject of this invention is a method of heat transfer in the embedded structure of a heat regenerator and the design thereof. It regards the related heat regenerators, which operate on the principle of the described method and enable a reduction of the pressure drop due to the fluid flow through the heat regenerator and consequently an increase of the power density. The concept of the operation of the heat regenerator by this invention, in which for the oscillation of the flow of the primary (first) fluid (P), electromechanical elements are applied. In the housing (1) between the elements (2) for the oscillation of the primary (first) fluid (P), there are positioned a primary hot heat exchanger (PT) and a primary cold heat exchanger (PH). In the direction of the arrow (A) the unidirectional flow of the secondary (second) fluid (S) flows from the heat sink into the primary cold heat exchanger (PH). In the direction of the arrow (B) the unidirectional flow of the secondary (second) fluid (S) exits from the primary cold heat exchanger (PH) and flows towards the heat source. Meanwhile, in the direction of the arrow (C), the unidirectional flow of the secondary (second) fluid S enters the primary hot heat exchanger (PT) and exits in the direction of the arrow (D) as the unidirectional flow of the secondary (second) fluid S of the primary hot heat exchanger (PT) towards the heat sink. Between both primary heat exchangers, (PT) and (PH), the porous regenerative material is positioned, which is part of the regenerator 4, with the hydraulically separated segments.

A two-stage heat regenerating cryogenic refrigerator may include: a vacuum vessel; a first and second cylinder in the vessel; the second cylinder coaxially connected to the first cylinder; a 1.sup.st regenerator in the first cylinder and accommodating heat regenerating material (HRM) 1; and a second regenerator in the 2.sup.nd cylinder accommodating HRM 2, HRM 2 including HRM particles, each HRM particle including a metal element and a heat regenerating substance including an oxide or oxysulfide and having a maximum specific heat at ≤20 K of ≥0.3 J/cm.sup.3.Math.K; each HRM particle including a 1.sup.st and 2.sup.nd region, the 2.sup.nd region being closer to each HRM particle's outer edge than the 1.sup.st, and the 2.sup.nd region having a higher metal element concentration than the 1.sup.st, the 1.sup.st and 2.sup.nd region containing the heat regenerating substance.

A two-stage heat regenerating cryogenic refrigerator may include: a vacuum vessel; a first and second cylinder in the vessel; the second cylinder coaxially connected to the first cylinder; a 1.sup.st regenerator in the first cylinder and accommodating heat regenerating material (HRM) 1; and a second regenerator in the 2.sup.nd cylinder accommodating HRM 2, HRM 2 including HRM particles, each HRM particle including a metal element and a heat regenerating substance including an oxide or oxysulfide and having a maximum specific heat at ≤20 K of ≥0.3 J/cm.sup.3.Math.K; each HRM particle including a 1.sup.st and 2.sup.nd region, the 2.sup.nd region being closer to each HRM particle's outer edge than the 1.sup.st, and the 2.sup.nd region having a higher metal element concentration than the 1.sup.st, the 1.sup.st and 2.sup.nd region containing the heat regenerating substance.

The present invention provides a heat transferring device and a method for making thereof. The heat transferring device has a thermal conducting substrate and a porous layer. The thermal conducting substrate has a plurality of protrusions and concave bottom surfaces. The concave bottom surfaces are located between the protrusions. The porous layer is embedded between the protrusions. The present invention also provides a high temperature material transferring system comprising a cylindrical container and the heat transferring device disposed on the surface of the cylindrical container.

The present invention provides a heat transferring device and a method for making thereof. The heat transferring device has a thermal conducting substrate and a porous layer. The thermal conducting substrate has a plurality of protrusions and concave bottom surfaces. The concave bottom surfaces are located between the protrusions. The porous layer is embedded between the protrusions. The present invention also provides a high temperature material transferring system comprising a cylindrical container and the heat transferring device disposed on the surface of the cylindrical container.

A modular thermal apparatus for performing transformation between thermal and acoustic energy is disclosed and includes a housing, first and second fluid ducts extending therethrough, and a regenerator having axially extending regenerator fluid passages. A first heat exchanger conducts thermal energy in the axial direction and includes transversely oriented fluid passages extending through a thermally conductive body and changing direction within the body to terminate axially aligned with the regenerator fluid passages. The apparatus also includes a second heat exchanger having fluid passages extending through a thermally conductive body and terminating in fluid communication with the regenerator fluid passages. Thermal energy is transferred between the heat exchangers and an external thermal energy source or sink. The housing withstands a pressure associated with a pressurized working gas and the fluid ducts provide for connection of the apparatus as a module within an acoustic power loop.

A modular thermal apparatus for performing transformation between thermal and acoustic energy is disclosed and includes a housing, first and second fluid ducts extending therethrough, and a regenerator having axially extending regenerator fluid passages. A first heat exchanger conducts thermal energy in the axial direction and includes transversely oriented fluid passages extending through a thermally conductive body and changing direction within the body to terminate axially aligned with the regenerator fluid passages. The apparatus also includes a second heat exchanger having fluid passages extending through a thermally conductive body and terminating in fluid communication with the regenerator fluid passages. Thermal energy is transferred between the heat exchangers and an external thermal energy source or sink. The housing withstands a pressure associated with a pressurized working gas and the fluid ducts provide for connection of the apparatus as a module within an acoustic power loop.

A heat storage device such as a hot blast stove including a heat regeneration checkerwork made of checker bricks, the checkerwork being supported by a support assembly (16). In accordance with an aspect of the present disclosure, the support assembly having a carrier structure made of refractory material and carrier floor also made of refractory material, the carrier floor resting on the carrier structure and being arranged and formed to carry the checker bricks of the checkerwork.