A high torque mechanism connected to a piston arranged within a cylinder and connected to a connecting rod for an engine may include features of a triangular link and a guide arm. The high torque mechanism may provide an upgrade to the conventional hardware with new elements that provide higher torque and thus allowing a reduction of fuel consumption versus a conventional engine of the same power. The high torque mechanism may include a triangular link, a crankshaft, and a guide arm. The connecting rod may be connected to the piston and a first joint on the triangular link. The guide arm may be connected to a second joint on the triangular link and a guide pivot point. The crankshaft may be connected to a third joint on the triangular link and a crank pivot point. The triangular link and the guide arm make the engine torque considerably higher in various crank ranges where the in-cylinder combustion pressure is high.

There are provided systems and methods for using fuel rich partial oxidation to produce an end product from waste gases, such as flare gas. Lambda sensor modifications and other control parameters that provide closed-loop mixture control at extremely fuel-rich operating conditions utilizing feed-forward and feedback approaches, physics-based engine models, novel use of a lambda sensor (O.sub.2-based sensor), sensors with intermittent contact with the gas stream. In an embodiment the system and method use air-breathing engines having control systems, control parameters, sensors and input/output (I/O) for the fuel rich (ER of 1.2 and greater), partial oxidation of the flare gas to form syngas. In embodiments the syngas is further converted into an end product. In an embodiment the end product is methanol.

The variable compression ratio internal combustion engine 1 comprises: a variable compression ratio mechanism 6 able to change a mechanical compression ratio; an exhaust promotion mechanism 50, 55 able to reduce cylinder residual gas after an exhaust stroke of cylinders; and a control device 80 configured to control the mechanical compression ratio by the variable compression ratio mechanism and control an operation of the exhaust promotion mechanism. The control device is configured to operate the exhaust promotion mechanism in at least a partial time period of a time period from when it is demanded that the mechanical compression ratio be raised to when the mechanical compression ratio finishes being changed.

A link component (150) with an oil hole (150E) is attached to a crankshaft (106) of an internal combustion engine (E), and the oil hole (150E) allows communication from an outside to the crankshaft (106) side. The oil hole (150E) has an inclined surface (150F) along an opening rim on the crankshaft (106) side. A surface other than the oil hole (150E) has a carbon concentration of 0.5 wt % or more. The inclined surface (150F) has a carbon concentration within a range of 0.7 wt % or more and 0.9 wt % or less. Production cost is suppressed, and at the same time, damage is prevented by increasing resistance of the oil-hole part on which stress is liable to concentrate.

A fastening structure (105) includes a pair of fastening members (105A) joined to each other, which is coupled with a bolt. The fastening member (105) is made of steel. A surface other than joint surfaces (Sa) has a Rockwell hardness of 50 HRC or more. The joint surfaces (Sa) have a Rockwell hardness of 30 HRC or more and less than 50 HRC. The joint surfaces (Sa) have an arithmetic mean roughness (Ra) of 0.2 μm or more and 0.5 μm or less. Production cost is suppressed, and at the same time, bending fatigue strength is secured and secondary damage due to abrasion powder generated by fretting is prevented.

A length-adjustable connecting rod for an internal combustion engine, where the connecting rod includes at least one switchable outlet valve for opening and closing a pressure chamber, where the outlet valve comprises a valve body and a closing body that is operatively connected to the valve body, and a closing mechanism is present acting upon the closing body for directly moving the closing body and indirectly moving the valve body from a closed to an open position or vice versa. Such an outlet valve is to be configured to be operable. For this purpose, this closing body has a mass which is smaller than the volume defined by the envelope contour of the closing body multiplied by the density of steel (7.85 g/mm.sup.3). The use of such a closing body for a respective length-adjustable connecting rod is also provided.

A variable compression ratio engine is provided, which includes a connecting rod including a small end connected to a piston through a piston pin, and a big end connected to a crankshaft through a crank pin, a gear eccentric sleeve installed on at least one of the piston pin and the crank pin, and at least one rack engaged with a gear formed on an outer circumferential surface of the gear eccentric sleeve at one side thereof.

Implementations described herein protect a substrate support from corrosive cleaning gases used at high temperatures. In one embodiment, a substrate support has a shaft having an outer wall. The substrate support has a heater. The heater has a body having a top surface, a side surface and a bottom surface extending from the outer wall of the shaft. The top surface is configured to support a substrate during plasma processing of the substrate. A covering is provided for at least two of the top surface, side surface and bottom surface. The covering is selected to resist corrosion of the body at temperatures in excess of about 400 degrees Celsius. A sleeve circumscribing the shaft, the sleeve and the outer wall of the shaft forming a space therebetween, the space adapted to flow a purge gas therethrough in a direction toward the body.

Provided is an engine system including: a bypass pipe (bypass flow passage) connecting an upstream side and a downstream side of the turbine on an exhaust flow passage; a bypass valve configured to open and close the bypass flow passage; and a catalytic activation controller configured to control the bypass valve and a compression ratio of a combustion chamber.

A variable compression ratio (VCR) phaser configured to control a compression ratio of an engine having a crankshaft and a control shaft. The variable compress ratio phaser comprises: i) a control shaft gear configured to mesh with a gear on the control shaft of the engine and to receive torque from the control shaft; ii) a crankshaft gear configured to mesh with a gear on the crankshaft of the engine and to deliver torque to the crankshaft; and iii) a torque conversion mechanism configured to receive torque from the control shaft and to convert the torque to a linear force that changes the compression ratio of the engine.