Systems and methods for operating an engine with deactivating valves are presented. In one example, deactivated valves may be reactivated to increase a rate of camshaft phase indexing relative to engine crankshaft position. However, if a desired rate of camshaft indexing is low, the engine cylinders may remain deactivated based on the low rate of desired camshaft indexing.

An ECM executes a catalyst early activation control at the cold start of an engine such that the activation of a catalyzer is promoted by opening a WGV. Further, the ECM performs a diagnosis process of diagnosing whether or not the WGV is stuck closed, based on the amplitude of the output fluctuation in an air-fuel-ratio sensor during execution of the catalyst early activation control.

An ECM executes a catalyst early activation control at cold start of an engine such that the activation of a catalyzer is promoted by opening a WGV. Further, the ECM performs a diagnosis process of, during execution of the catalyst early activation control, repeating opening and closing of the WGV with a given period and diagnosing whether or not the WGV is stuck, based on whether or not a fluctuation component with the same period as the period of the opening and closing of the WGV is included in output from an intake manifold pressure sensor during the repetition.

Additional approaches for the reduction of particulate emissions in gasoline engines using optimized port+direct injection are described. These embodiments include control of the amount of directly injected fuel so as to avoid a threshold increase in particulates due to piston wetting and reduction of cold start emissions by use of air preheating using variable valve timing.

A valve switching apparatus includes a rocker arm coming into contact with a cam to open and close a valve along with a rotation of the cam, and an eccentric generation means provided to the rocker arm so as to allow an eccentric position to be changed by rotation thereof.

An electromechanical camshaft phaser (3) comprises a setting gear (4) and an electric motor (5), which is controlled by means of an electric-motor control unit (6). Data concerning the operation of the electric motor (5) including position changes of its motor shaft are transferred via a data bus (8) from the electric-motor control unit (6) to an engine control unit (7) of the internal combustion engine (1) comprising the camshaft phaser (3). In addition, recurring time signals are transferred from the electric-motor control unit (6) to the engine control unit (7) via a separate line (9), by which harder real-time requirements are met than by the data bus (8). The time signals are used to generate a time difference signal in the engine control unit (7) by comparison with the data received by the engine control unit (7), which time difference signal is fed back to the electric-motor control unit (6) via the data bus (8) and is used there to synchronize the electric-motor control unit (6) with the engine control unit (7).

To provide a controller and a control method, for an internal combustion engine, that can detect occurrence of knocking appropriately, even though the frequency distribution of the knock signal is distorted according to the occurrence state of knocking. The controller for the internal combustion engine calculates the background level by processing a low pass filter to the knock signal; and performs a low side frequency increase which makes a low side frequency, which is a cutoff frequency of the low pass filter in the case where the knock signal is smaller than an output value of the low pass filter, higher than a high side frequency, which is a cutoff frequency of the low pass filter in the case where the knock signal is larger than the output value of the low pass filter.

A supercharging system includes a supercharger including a motor generator, and an intake-side variable cam phase mechanism variably setting a valve-closing timing (IVC angle) of an intake valve. If an operation state of the engine is within a regenerative operation region, a turbine rotation speed controller controls a turbine rotation speed to a target turbine rotation speed set to optimize turbine efficiency by controlling an opening degree of a wastegate valve toward a closing side and by adjusting an amount of power generated by the motor generator. If the operation state is within the regenerative operation region and within a supercharging operation region, a torque controller controls a generated torque to a requested torque by performing cooperative control of an opening degree of an intake bypass valve, the IVC angle and an opening degree of an intake throttle valve.

In general, techniques are described in which packet replicators of a network device cooperate to generate a distributed hierarchical forwarding structure that the packet replicators then use to replicate and forward multicast packets to multiple output interfaces. For example, packet forwarding engines (PFEs) of a router each receive a new list of interfaces for a multicast packet stream. The PFEs individually construct a hierarchical forwarding structure based on the interface list. The hierarchical forwarding structure specifies interrelationships among the PFEs, which occupy nodes within the hierarchy. Each child PFE determines from the hierarchical forwarding structure the identity of a parent PFE and issues a token, constituting forwarding state for the distributed hierarchical forwarding structure, to the parent PFE. The parent PFE uses the token to identify packets of the multicast traffic to the child PFE during replication and forwarding of multicast packets proceeding according to the hierarchical forwarding structure.

To provide a controller for internal combustion engine which can suppress deterioration of the detection accuracy of the combustion state due to influence of the external disturbance component, when detecting a combustion state based on angle detection information by the crank angle sensor. A controller for internal combustion engine calculates a shaft torque in unburning; calculates an external load torque based on the shaft torque in unburning and the actual shaft torque in the vicinity of the top dead center; and in an integration crank angle interval which is set corresponding to a combustion period, calculates a subtraction value by subtracting the external load torque from the shaft torque in unburning, calculates a division value by dividing the subtraction value by the inertia moment, and calculates a combustion state index by integrating a value obtained by subtracting the division value from the crank angle acceleration.