A combustion system such as a furnace or boiler includes a perforated reaction holder configured to hold a combustion reaction that produces very low oxides of nitrogen (NOx).

A fuel injector for injecting an over-enriched fuel and air mixture to the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine includes a spray nozzle, a gaseous carrier, a fuel mixing and evaporation chamber and an injector nozzle. During operation, both a liquid fuel and the gaseous carrier are supplied to the fuel mixing and evaporation chamber of the injector through the spray nozzle, where they are mixed and evaporated as a result of elevated temperature, and the mixture reaches the combustion chamber. The gaseous carrier is air or, flue gas, at elevated pressure and temperature and having a composition that prevents the initiation of flame combustion, and the gaseous carrier has an oxygen content low enough to prevent the initiation of combustion, even under conditions of elevated pressure and temperature.

A fuel injector for injecting an over-enriched fuel and air mixture to the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine includes a spray nozzle, a gaseous carrier, a fuel mixing and evaporation chamber and an injector nozzle. During operation, both a liquid fuel and the gaseous carrier are supplied to the fuel mixing and evaporation chamber of the injector through the spray nozzle, where they are mixed and evaporated as a result of elevated temperature, and the mixture reaches the combustion chamber. The gaseous carrier is air or, flue gas, at elevated pressure and temperature and having a composition that prevents the initiation of flame combustion, and the gaseous carrier has an oxygen content low enough to prevent the initiation of combustion, even under conditions of elevated pressure and temperature.

A fuel cell system comprising a fuel cell stack, an evaporator for evaporating a mixture of methanol and water to be forwarded through a catalytic reformer for producing portions of free hydrogen. The fuel cell stack being composed of a number of proton exchange membrane fuel cells each featuring electrodes in form of an anode and a cathode for delivering an electric current. The liquid fuel using a. pre-evaporator, which. partly evaporates the fuel, followed by a. nozzle, which atomizes the fuel into a fine mist, before being passed to the final evaporation zone. This configuration ensures that liquid fuel for producing thermal, neat is converted into a form that facilitates a burner to achieve a quick heating up of the fuel, cell system into production mode.

The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods for low-CO.sub.2 emission combustion of liquid fuel with a gas-assisted liquid fuel oxygen reactor. The system comprises an atomizer that sprays fuel and CO.sub.2 into an evaporation zone, where the fuel and CO.sub.2 is heated into a vaporized form. The system comprises a reaction zone that receives the vaporized fuel and CO.sub.2. The system includes an air vessel having an air stream, and a heating vessel adjacent to the air vessel that transfers heat to the air vessel. The system comprises an ion transport membrane in flow communication with the air vessel and reaction zone. The ion transport membrane receives O.sub.2 permeating from the air stream and transfers the O.sub.2 into the reaction zone resulting in combustion of fuel. The combustion produces heat and creates CO.sub.2 exhaust gases that are recirculated in the system limiting emission of CO.sub.2.

The present disclosure is directed to systems and methods for low-CO.sub.2 emission combustion of liquid fuel with a gas-assisted liquid fuel oxygen reactor. The system comprises an atomizer that sprays fuel and CO.sub.2 into an evaporation zone, where the fuel and CO.sub.2 is heated into a vaporized form. The system comprises a reaction zone that receives the vaporized fuel and CO.sub.2. The system includes an air vessel having an air stream, and a heating vessel adjacent to the air vessel that transfers heat to the air vessel. The system comprises an ion transport membrane in flow communication with the air vessel and reaction zone. The ion transport membrane receives O.sub.2 permeating from the air stream and transfers the O.sub.2 into the reaction zone resulting in combustion of fuel. The combustion produces heat and creates CO.sub.2 exhaust gases that are recirculated in the system limiting emission of CO.sub.2.

The present disclosure generally relates to the introduction of a liquid biomass in heating systems such as commercial boilers in order to reduce dependence on petroleum-based heating fuel oils as a source of combustion fuel. More specifically, the present disclosure is directed to systems, methods, and apparatuses utilizing a liquid thermally produced from biomass into commercial and industrial boiler or thermal systems such as boilers, furnaces, and kilns, and methods for generating renewable identification numbers (RINs), alternative energy credits (AECs) and renewable energy credits (RECs).

A fuel vaporizer comprises a primary vaporization chamber comprising a heating chamber fluidly coupled to a fuel tank. The heating chamber is configured to receive a liquid fuel from the fuel tank and vaporize the liquid fuel into a fuel vapor and discharge the fuel vapor to an intake line of a utility application. A heating source is thermally coupled to the heating chamber. The heating source is configured to heat the liquid fuel to produce the fuel vapor. An air supply is fluidly coupled to the heating chamber, the air supply is configured to inject air bubbles into the liquid fuel. A secondary vaporization chamber is fluidly coupled to the intake line, at least one ultrasonic transducer is coupled to the secondary vaporization chamber and configured to vaporize the liquid fuel in communication with the secondary vaporization chamber.

The method can include injecting fuel from a liquefied fuel source into a combustion chamber having a combustion path, by circulating the fuel out from an inlet conduit into an evaporator housing, along the evaporator housing in a direction opposite the combustion path and across an evaporator element receiving fuel in the liquid state and exposing a multiplied surface of the liquid fuel to heat from the combustion path to evaporate the liquid fuel, and conveying the evaporated fuel into the combustion chamber and into the combustion path.

The method can include injecting fuel from a liquefied fuel source into a combustion chamber having a combustion path, by circulating the fuel out from an inlet conduit into an evaporator housing, along the evaporator housing in a direction opposite the combustion path and across an evaporator element receiving fuel in the liquid state and exposing a multiplied surface of the liquid fuel to heat from the combustion path to evaporate the liquid fuel, and conveying the evaporated fuel into the combustion chamber and into the combustion path.