A catalyzing reactor comprising a reactor entrance and a reactor exit and an internal structure arranged for flowing a reacting medium through the reactor from the reactor entrance to the reactor exit. The reactor structure comprising at least one thin walled reactor channel arranged between the entrance and the exit of the reactor. The channel having a channel wall that includes a catalyst and that defines a flow path, in which channel in use, a catalyzed exothermic reaction takes place in the medium as it flows along the flow path. The at least one channel is looped to have a portion of its flow path that is downstream with respect to the reactor entrance in heat exchanging contact with a portion of a flow path that is that is more upstream with respect to the reactor entrance, so as to transfer heat between a downstream portion of the reacting medium to an upstream portion thereof.

In inline four cylinder internal combustion engine (1), exhaust ports for a #2 cylinder and a #3 cylinder merge inside cylinder head (3) and form an opening serving as a single collective exhaust port. Exhaust manifold (5) has individual exhaust pipes (6, 7) for #1 and #4 cylinders and collective exhaust pipe (8), and the leading ends of these three exhaust pipes (6, 7, 8) are connected to catalytic converter (11). Exhaust gas introduction angle (θ2) of each of individual exhaust pipes (6, 7) is larger by 30-60 degrees than exhaust gas introduction angle (θ1) of collective exhaust pipe (8). Consequently, flow velocity distribution and temperature distribution in a catalyst carrier become uniform.

In inline four cylinder internal combustion engine (1), exhaust ports for a #2 cylinder and a #3 cylinder merge inside cylinder head (3) and form an opening serving as a single collective exhaust port. Exhaust manifold (5) has individual exhaust pipes (6, 7) for #1 and #4 cylinders and collective exhaust pipe (8), and the leading ends of these three exhaust pipes (6, 7, 8) are connected to catalytic converter (11). Exhaust gas introduction angle (θ2) of each of individual exhaust pipes (6, 7) is larger by 30-60 degrees than exhaust gas introduction angle (θ1) of collective exhaust pipe (8). Consequently, flow velocity distribution and temperature distribution in a catalyst carrier become uniform.

A method includes receiving information indicative of a temperature of exhaust gas emitted from an engine operating at an engine speed, determining that the temperature of the exhaust gas is below a predefined temperature threshold, determining an engine load sized to increase the temperature of the exhaust gas above the predefined temperature threshold, increasing a load on the engine to the determined engine load while maintaining the engine at the engine speed by increasing at least one of a fuel flow rate and a fuel flow pressure of the fuel pump powered by the engine, and diverting the excess fuel from the fuel flow path upstream of the engine. Increasing at least one of the fuel flow rate and the fuel pressure of the fuel pump causes excess fuel to be provided to the engine than is necessary to maintain the engine at the engine speed.

A chemical heat storage device includes a reactor disposed around an oxidizing catalyst and containing MgCl.sub.2 which chemically reacts with NH.sub.3 to generate heat, a storage connected to the reactor through a pipe to store NH.sub.3, an on-off valve disposed in the pipe, a temperature sensor detecting the temperature of the exhaust gas passing through the oxidizing catalyst, and a controller controlling the on-off valve based on the detected value of the temperature sensor. The controller controls the on-off valve such that the on-off valve unconditionally opens if the temperature of the exhaust gas is greater than a heat generating start temperature T.sub.L and is equal to or less than a heat generating end guide temperature T.sub.Q, and the on-off valve unconditionally opens if the temperature of the exhaust gas is greater than a regenerating temperature T.sub.H.

A chemical heat storage device includes a reactor disposed around an oxidizing catalyst and containing MgCl.sub.2 which chemically reacts with NH.sub.3 to generate heat, a storage connected to the reactor through a pipe to store NH.sub.3, an on-off valve disposed in the pipe, a temperature sensor detecting the temperature of the exhaust gas passing through the oxidizing catalyst, and a controller controlling the on-off valve based on the detected value of the temperature sensor. The controller controls the on-off valve such that the on-off valve unconditionally opens if the temperature of the exhaust gas is greater than a heat generating start temperature T.sub.L and is equal to or less than a heat generating end guide temperature T.sub.Q, and the on-off valve unconditionally opens if the temperature of the exhaust gas is greater than a regenerating temperature T.sub.H.

A heat storage system has a heat source that generates heat and radiates the heat to a first heat medium and a heat storage body that stores heat. The heat storage body changes to a first phase in a solid state when a temperature of the heat storage body is lower than or equal to a phase transition temperature, and changes to a second phase in a solid state when a temperature of the heat storage body exceeds the phase transition temperature. The heat storage body stores or radiates heat due to a phase transition between the first phase and the second phase. A heat storage mode in which the heat storage body stores heat of the first heat medium and a heat radiation mode in which the heat storage body radiates the heat stored in the heat storage body to a heat transfer target are switchable.

An exhaust purification system includes: an NOx reduction type catalyst, which is provided in an exhaust system; and a regeneration treatment unit, which recovers an NOx purification capacity of the NOx reduction type catalyst, wherein the regeneration treatment unit includes: a target setting unit, which sets a target injection amount of at least one of a post injection and an exhaust pipe injection that is required for setting an excess-air-ratio of the exhaust gas to the target excess-air-ratio, based on a suction air amount of the internal combustion engine, the target excess-air-ratio, and a fuel injection amount of the internal combustion engine; and an injection controller, which controls an injection amount of at least one of the post injection and the exhaust pipe injection, based on the target injection amount input from the target setting unit.

An exhaust purification system includes: an NOx reduction type catalyst, which is provided in an exhaust system; and a regeneration treatment unit, which recovers an NOx purification capacity of the NOx reduction type catalyst, wherein the regeneration treatment unit includes: a target setting unit, which sets a target injection amount of at least one of a post injection and an exhaust pipe injection that is required for setting an excess-air-ratio of the exhaust gas to the target excess-air-ratio, based on a suction air amount of the internal combustion engine, the target excess-air-ratio, and a fuel injection amount of the internal combustion engine; and an injection controller, which controls an injection amount of at least one of the post injection and the exhaust pipe injection, based on the target injection amount input from the target setting unit.

An engine apparatus includes an engine, an exhaust gas purification device, an outlet side bracket, and an inlet side bracket. The exhaust gas purification device is mounted above a cylinder head to extend along an axis of an output shaft of the engine. The inlet side bracket is configured to couple an exhaust gas inlet side of the exhaust gas purification device to the cylinder head. The inlet side bracket includes a first bracket, a second bracket, and a third bracket. The first bracket is configured to be secured to a surface of the cylinder head intersecting the axis of the output shaft and includes a wide width. The second bracket includes a proximal end portion and a distal end portion. The third bracket is configured to be coupled to an end surface of the exhaust gas purification device and the distal end portion of the second bracket.