An exhaust system that includes a catalytic converter, selective catalytic reduction system, a muffler and, for certain applications, a diesel particulate filter that each include at least one filter that has an electric heating element, a metallic coating and a plurality of metal rods extending therethrough. The combination of elements are configured to heat the internal housings of the exhaust system and disrupt the direction of flow of exhaust gases which contain harmful toxic gases and pollutants and aid in removing and/or reducing said toxic gases and pollutants.

Determining the presence of a particle filter in the exhaust gas tract of an engine, with the steps of determining a first exhaust gas temperature curve which occurs in the exhaust gas tract upstream of the particle filter; measuring a second exhaust gas temperature curve by a first temperature sensor arranged downstream of the particle filter; determining a first heat quantity by integration over a specific time of a first heat flow curve determined by a first exhaust gas mass flow, a first specific heat capacity and the first exhaust gas temperature curve; determining a second heat quantity by integration over the specific time of a second heat flow curve determined by a second exhaust gas mass flow, a second specific heat capacity and the second exhaust gas temperature curve, evaluating the first heat quantity and the second heat quantity to determine the presence of the correct particle filter.

A control apparatus for a vehicle controls the supply of electric power from a battery to first and/or second heat generating element(s), before starting of the internal combustion engine. When a suppliable amount of electric power is equal to or less than a first amount of electric power, the control apparatus controls the supply of electric power so that a whole amount of electric power within the suppliable amount of electric power is supplied to the second heat generating element, whereas when the suppliable amount of electric power is larger than the first amount of electric power but is equal to or less than a second amount of electric power, the control apparatus controls the supply of electric power so that the whole amount of electric power within the suppliable amount of electric power is supplied to the first heat generating element.

An exhaust system that includes a catalytic converter, selective catalytic reduction system, a muffler and, for certain applications, a diesel particulate filter that each include at least one filter that has an electric heating element, a metallic coating and a plurality of metal rods extending therethrough. The combination of elements are configured to heat the internal housings of the exhaust system and disrupt the direction of flow of exhaust gases which contain harmful toxic gases and pollutants and aid in removing and/or reducing said toxic gases and pollutants.

An exhaust system that includes a catalytic converter, selective catalytic reduction system, a muffler and, for certain applications, a diesel particulate filter that each include at least one filter that has an electric heating element, a metallic coating and a plurality of metal rods extending therethrough. The combination of elements are configured to heat the internal housings of the exhaust system and disrupt the direction of flow of exhaust gases which contain harmful toxic gases and pollutants and aid in removing and/or reducing said toxic gases and pollutants.

A method for operating an exhaust system of a vehicle having an internal combustion engine upstream of the exhaust system and having an energy network is provided. The method includes operating the energy network in an operating situation with a voltage at a starting position, wherein a heating element is associated with the exhaust system, the heating element being connected to the energy network via a switching element, wherein the heating element in a first switching state of the switching element, when the switching element is switched on, is connected to the energy network in an electrically conductive manner, and in a second switching state of the switching element, when the switching element is switched off, is electrically separated from the energy network, and changing the voltage from the starting position to a switchover position when switching the switching element between the first and second switching states.

Systems, devices, methods and programs for reducing emissions from engines are provided. For example, one system for reducing emissions from engines comprises a heating controller coupled to an energy storage device (ESD). The heating controller is configured to control a heating element to heat one or more components of an after-treatment system using energy from the ESD under a first condition and to control the heating element to stop heating the one or more components of the after-treatment system when a second condition is satisfied. Additionally, another system for reducing emissions from engines comprises a controller detecting a decrease in a demanded torque from an engine and an ISG. The controller is then configured to operate a clutch to disengage the engine from the ISG, if after removing fuel from the engine, the sensed speed of the engine is above a threshold.

A method for estimating a volume of thawed liquid in a motor vehicle tank, wherein the following operations are executed at regular time intervals: obtaining a temperature of the ambient air outside the tank using a thermometer; determining, according to said temperature outside the tank and by a first pre-established relation, a thermal energy transfer between the contents of the tank and the outside environment; determining, as a function of the power produced by a heating element, and by a second pre-established relation, a thermal energy transfer between the heating element and the contents of the tank; determining, as a function of the energy transfers, and by a third pre-established relation, an amount of thawed or refrozen liquid, during said time interval; the amounts of thawed and refrozen liquid are added during the preceding consecutive time intervals to estimate a volume of thawed liquid present in the tank.

A controller calculates a predicted value of the exhaust pressure between a catalyst and a filter for a case in which engine fuel containing no manganese is used continuously. Also, the controller calculates a correlation value proportional to the amount of heat received by the catalyst when the catalyst temperature is higher than or equal to the adhesion temperature of manganese oxide. Further, the controller determines that there is a removal requirement for removing manganese oxide from the catalyst when the difference between the predicted value and the detected pressure of the exhaust pressure between the catalyst and the filter is greater than a specified determination value, and the correlation value is greater than or equal to a specified determination value. The controller executes the removal process by performing fuel amount increase control when it is determined that there is a removal requirement.

An exhaust system that includes a catalytic converter, selective catalytic reduction system, a muffler and, for certain applications, a diesel particulate filter that each include at least one filter that has an electric heating element, a metallic coating and a plurality of metal rods extending therethrough. The combination of elements are configured to heat the internal housings of the exhaust system and disrupt the direction of flow of exhaust gases which contain harmful toxic gases and pollutants and aid in removing and/or reducing said toxic gases and pollutants.