There are provided systems and methods for using fuel rich partial oxidation to produce an end product from waste gases, such as flare gas. Lambda sensor modifications and other control parameters that provide closed-loop mixture control at extremely fuel-rich operating conditions utilizing feed-forward and feedback approaches, physics-based engine models, novel use of a lambda sensor (O.sub.2-based sensor), sensors with intermittent contact with the gas stream. In an embodiment the system and method use air-breathing engines having control systems, control parameters, sensors and input/output (I/O) for the fuel rich (ER of 1.2 and greater), partial oxidation of the flare gas to form syngas. In embodiments the syngas is further converted into an end product. In an embodiment the end product is methanol.

There are provided systems and methods for using fuel rich partial oxidation to produce an end product from waste gases, such as flare gas. Lambda sensor modifications and other control parameters that provide closed-loop mixture control at extremely fuel-rich operating conditions utilizing feed-forward and feedback approaches, physics-based engine models, novel use of a lambda sensor (O.sub.2-based sensor), sensors with intermittent contact with the gas stream. In an embodiment the system and method use air-breathing engines having control systems, control parameters, sensors and input/output (I/O) for the fuel rich (ER of 1.2 and greater), partial oxidation of the flare gas to form syngas. In embodiments the syngas is further converted into an end product. In an embodiment the end product is methanol.

A internal combustion engine (10) comprising a cam crank assembly (75) having a planetary gear assembly (2900), an intake cam (90) and an exhaust cam (92), the planetary gear assembly (2900) having drive gear (2910) rotationally secureable to the crank shaft (22), a piston gear (2912) rotationally engaged with the drive gear (2910), and a piston assembly (70) rotationally attached to the piston gear (2912).

The disclosure relates to a charging system, which includes a crankshaft chamber, two cylinder chambers, a crankshaft connecting rod mechanism, two pistons, an intake pipe, two draft tubes, and a rotating rod control mechanism. The crankshaft connecting rod mechanism is installed in the crankshaft chamber. Each piston is received in the cylinder chambers and connected with the crankshaft connecting rod mechanism. The intake pipe only communicates with the crankshaft chamber. One end of each draft tube only communicates with the crankshaft chamber and another end only communicates with each cylinder chamber. The check valve is installed in the crankshaft chamber. The rotating rod control mechanism includes a rotating rod and a sealing block fixedly connected and rotating with the rotating rod. The sealing block blocks and seals a joint between the crankshaft chamber and each draft tube.

The disclosure relates to a charging system, which includes a crankshaft chamber, two cylinder chambers, a crankshaft connecting rod mechanism, two pistons, an intake pipe, two draft tubes, and a rotating rod control mechanism. The crankshaft connecting rod mechanism is installed in the crankshaft chamber. Each piston is received in the cylinder chambers and connected with the crankshaft connecting rod mechanism. The intake pipe only communicates with the crankshaft chamber. One end of each draft tube only communicates with the crankshaft chamber and another end only communicates with each cylinder chamber. The check valve is installed in the crankshaft chamber. The rotating rod control mechanism includes a rotating rod and a sealing block fixedly connected and rotating with the rotating rod. The sealing block blocks and seals a joint between the crankshaft chamber and each draft tube.

A motion conversion apparatus (110) comprises a rodrack assembly (110) and a gearshaft member (150). The rodrack assembly (110) comprises a first gear connection member (120) and two guide members (140). The gearshaft member (150) comprises a second gear connection member (160) configured to engage with the first gear connection member (120), and a guiding surface arrangement (170) configured to contact the guide members (140). The rodrack assembly (110) is configured to provide rotation of the gearshaft member (150) about a rotational axis (A) by reciprocating linear motion of the rodrack assembly (110) along a first spatial dimension (D1) orthogonal to the rotational axis (A), and/or the gearshaft member (150) is configured to provide reciprocating linear motion of the rodrack assembly (110) along the first spatial dimension (D1) by rotational motion of the gearshaft member (150) about the rotational axis (A). The guiding surface arrangement (170) is configured to simultaneously contact each guide member (140) during at least a portion of the reciprocating linear motion of the rodrack assembly (110).

A motion conversion apparatus (110) comprises a rodrack assembly (110) and a gearshaft member (150). The rodrack assembly (110) comprises a first gear connection member (120) and two guide members (140). The gearshaft member (150) comprises a second gear connection member (160) configured to engage with the first gear connection member (120), and a guiding surface arrangement (170) configured to contact the guide members (140). The rodrack assembly (110) is configured to provide rotation of the gearshaft member (150) about a rotational axis (A) by reciprocating linear motion of the rodrack assembly (110) along a first spatial dimension (D1) orthogonal to the rotational axis (A), and/or the gearshaft member (150) is configured to provide reciprocating linear motion of the rodrack assembly (110) along the first spatial dimension (D1) by rotational motion of the gearshaft member (150) about the rotational axis (A). The guiding surface arrangement (170) is configured to simultaneously contact each guide member (140) during at least a portion of the reciprocating linear motion of the rodrack assembly (110).

An engine with a slider-crank mechanism, comprising a housing, containing a shaft with a crank, and at least two cylinders with pistons mounted on rods, the ends of which extend from the pistons through guide bushings of the cylinders and are connected to one another by means of a yoke assembly. A housing of the yoke assembly is configured in the form of a frame having a rectangular cross-section and inner guiding surfaces for a block slider mounted with freedom of movement between said surfaces and with freedom of rotation on the crank of the shaft. The block slider is comprised of two connected halves with grooves for lubricating an outer sliding surface. The housing of the yoke assembly is mounted such that its lateral surfaces are disposed between guiding surfaces inside the engine housing.

An engine with a slider-crank mechanism, comprising a housing, containing a shaft with a crank, and at least two cylinders with pistons mounted on rods, the ends of which extend from the pistons through guide bushings of the cylinders and are connected to one another by means of a yoke assembly. A housing of the yoke assembly is configured in the form of a frame having a rectangular cross-section and inner guiding surfaces for a block slider mounted with freedom of movement between said surfaces and with freedom of rotation on the crank of the shaft. The block slider is comprised of two connected halves with grooves for lubricating an outer sliding surface. The housing of the yoke assembly is mounted such that its lateral surfaces are disposed between guiding surfaces inside the engine housing.

An engine driving apparatus includes an engine, a starter motor, and a starter motor controller. The engine includes a plurality of cylinders. When any one of the plurality of cylinders enters a compression stroke, another one of the cylinders enters an expansion stroke. The starter motor is coupled to a crankshaft of the engine. The starter motor controller is configured to control the starter motor. Before restarting the engine, the starter motor controller performs pre-restart control for adding torque to the crankshaft by using the starter motor to open an exhaust valve of the cylinder in the expansion stroke.