The present invention provides combinations comprising a sedating antihistamine and selected indole-based natural products such as L-tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan and melatonin, along with pharmaceutically acceptable calcium and magnesium salts and selected B vitamins. These combinations are useful in providing a medicament for improving sleep in mammals, especially humans.

The invention pertains to the use of a composition in the manufacture of a productor method for therapeutically improving, promoting, restoring or maintaining white matter integrity in a subject suffering from PKU and/or in a subject suffering from or at increased risk of impaired white matter integrity associated with PKU, said composition comprising therapeutic amounts of at least one ?-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) selected from the group consisting of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA); and one of more of uridine, cytidine and/or an equivalent thereof, including salts, phosphates, acyl derivatives and/or esters. The invention also pertains to a composition for use in such use or method.

The invention pertains to the use of a composition in the manufacture of a productor method for therapeutically improving, promoting, restoring or maintaining white matter integrity in a subject suffering from PKU and/or in a subject suffering from or at increased risk of impaired white matter integrity associated with PKU, said composition comprising therapeutic amounts of at least one ?-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) selected from the group consisting of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA); and one of more of uridine, cytidine and/or an equivalent thereof, including salts, phosphates, acyl derivatives and/or esters. The invention also pertains to a composition for use in such use or method.

Provided are a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating metabolic diseases and a health food for alleviating metabolic diseases, each of which the pharmaceutical composition and the health food includes, a stereoisomer of isonitramine or a derivative thereof, or a racemic mixture of the stereoisomers, wherein such a compound exhibits effects of inhibiting fat content or differentiation of an adipocyte, inhibiting activity of a carbohydrate metabolism enzyme, protecting pancreas, inhibiting blood sugar, and promoting insulin secretion, and thus can be favorably utilized in the treatment of metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia.

Provided are a pharmaceutical composition for preventing or treating metabolic diseases and a health food for alleviating metabolic diseases, each of which the pharmaceutical composition and the health food includes, a stereoisomer of isonitramine or a derivative thereof, or a racemic mixture of the stereoisomers, wherein such a compound exhibits effects of inhibiting fat content or differentiation of an adipocyte, inhibiting activity of a carbohydrate metabolism enzyme, protecting pancreas, inhibiting blood sugar, and promoting insulin secretion, and thus can be favorably utilized in the treatment of metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia.

A nootropic combination for increasing cognitive functioning. The combination includes a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor and a cyclic adenosine monophosphate increasing agent. In some versions, the phosphodiesterase inhibitor is a flavonoid such as luteolin, and the cyclic adenosine monophosphate increasing agent is a labdane diterpene such as forskolin. The combination can also include one or a combination of L-phenylalanine, L-carnitine, acetyl-L-carnitine, and vitamin B6. In some versions, plant extracts, such as artichoke extract can be used as a source of the PDE4 inhibitor. Methods of using the combination to increase cognitive functioning are also included.

A nootropic combination for increasing cognitive functioning. The combination includes a phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor and a cyclic adenosine monophosphate increasing agent. In some versions, the phosphodiesterase inhibitor is a flavonoid such as luteolin, and the cyclic adenosine monophosphate increasing agent is a labdane diterpene such as forskolin. The combination can also include one or a combination of L-phenylalanine, L-carnitine, acetyl-L-carnitine, and vitamin B6. In some versions, plant extracts, such as artichoke extract can be used as a source of the PDE4 inhibitor. Methods of using the combination to increase cognitive functioning are also included.

A compound which is 3-hydroxybutyl 3-hydroxybutyrate enantiomerically enriched with respect to (3R)-hydroxybutyl (3R)-hydroxybutyrate of formula (I) is an effective and palatable precursor to the ketone body (3R)-hydroxybutyrate and may therefore be used to treat a condition which is caused by, exacerbated by or associated with elevated plasma levels of free fatty acids in a human or animal subject, for instance a condition where weight loss or weight gain is implicated, or to promote alertness or improve cognitive function, or to treat, prevent or reduce the effects of neurodegeneration, free radical toxicity, hypoxic conditions or hyperglycaemia.

A compound which is 3-hydroxybutyl 3-hydroxybutyrate enantiomerically enriched with respect to (3R)-hydroxybutyl (3R)-hydroxybutyrate of formula (I) is an effective and palatable precursor to the ketone body (3R)-hydroxybutyrate and may therefore be used to treat a condition which is caused by, exacerbated by or associated with elevated plasma levels of free fatty acids in a human or animal subject, for instance a condition where weight loss or weight gain is implicated, or to promote alertness or improve cognitive function, or to treat, prevent or reduce the effects of neurodegeneration, free radical toxicity, hypoxic conditions or hyperglycaemia.

The present invention is a nutraceutical formulation, intended for oral administration, comprising co-administered if not co-formulated melatonin together with at least one of strontium, Vitamin D, and Vitamin K or their analogues. The nutraceutical combination or formulation is designed to be taken by mouth within about two hours prior to bedtime, and in fact should not be taken at any other time. The combination therapy gives new and unexpectedly improved results compared to the administration of melatonin alone.