A vehicle exhaust system includes an outer housing defining an internal cavity surrounding an axis, an inlet baffle configured to direct engine exhaust gas into the internal cavity, an injector that is configured to spray a fluid into the internal cavity to mix with engine exhaust gas, and an inner wall spaced radially inward of an inner surface of the outer housing to define a gap. The inner wall has an impingement side facing the axis and a non-impingement side facing the gap. At least one heating element is associated with the non-impingement side to actively heat the inner wall to reduce spray deposit formation on the impingement side.

A vehicle exhaust system includes an outer housing defining an internal cavity surrounding an axis, an inlet baffle configured to direct engine exhaust gas into the internal cavity, an injector that is configured to spray a fluid into the internal cavity to mix with engine exhaust gas, and an inner wall spaced radially inward of an inner surface of the outer housing to define a gap. The inner wall has an impingement side facing the axis and a non-impingement side facing the gap. At least one heating element is associated with the non-impingement side to actively heat the inner wall to reduce spray deposit formation on the impingement side.

An assembly for treating gaseous emissions includes a substrate body having cells for the passages of emissions gas. Lengths of metal wire are located in selected ones of the cells and an induction heating coil is mounted adjacent the substrate body for generating a varying electromagnetic field. In this way the metal wires are heated, resulting in heating of the substrate body and heating of exhaust gas flowing in the cells. Individual lengths of wire or wire lengths that are joined together are configured as loop conductors.

An assembly for treating gaseous emissions includes a substrate body having cells for the passages of emissions gas. Lengths of metal wire are located in selected ones of the cells and an induction heating coil is mounted adjacent the substrate body for generating a varying electromagnetic field. In this way the metal wires are heated, resulting in heating of the substrate body and heating of exhaust gas flowing in the cells. Individual lengths of wire or wire lengths that are joined together are configured as loop conductors.

An assembly for use in treating gaseous exhaust emissions has an inductive heater mounted next to a gaseous emissions treatment unit. and downstream substrate units or upstream and downstream sections of a single substrate. The upstream unit or section has linear passages extending the length of the first substrate body for the passage of emissions gas but with some of the passages blocked by metal inserts for use in inductive heating of the upstream unit. The concentration of metal inserts is high and the metal inserts are distributed to enable rapid intense inductive heating of the slice or section to achieve light off temperature rapidly in order to pass heat-supplemented gaseous emissions at light-off temperature to the downstream substrate or section as quickly as possible.

An assembly for use in treating gaseous exhaust emissions has an inductive heater mounted next to a gaseous emissions treatment unit. and downstream substrate units or upstream and downstream sections of a single substrate. The upstream unit or section has linear passages extending the length of the first substrate body for the passage of emissions gas but with some of the passages blocked by metal inserts for use in inductive heating of the upstream unit. The concentration of metal inserts is high and the metal inserts are distributed to enable rapid intense inductive heating of the slice or section to achieve light off temperature rapidly in order to pass heat-supplemented gaseous emissions at light-off temperature to the downstream substrate or section as quickly as possible.

A linear reciprocating engine may include an engine block, a cylinder having combustion chambers at opposing ends, cylinder heads located at an end of the respective combustion chambers, respectively, and a double-faced piston. The engine may further include piston rod portions extending from both faces of the piston through the combustion chambers. The engine may further include an exhaust outlet in a peripheral cylinder wall and elongated channels in the piston rod portions being configured to serve as an intake inlet for gas from a location external to the cylinder. When the piston is in a combustion stage in a first combustion chamber, the piston blocks the exhaust outlet from communicating with the first chamber with the first channel access opening outside the first chamber, while simultaneously the exhaust outlet is in communication with a second combustion chamber with the second channel access opening within the second chamber.

An internal combustion engine may include an engine block, a cylinder within the engine block, and a piston within the cylinder. The piston may have an outer peripheral wall, and a groove in the outer peripheral wall of the piston may have a first edge and a second edge spaced from the first edge. The piston may have a piston ring in the groove, and the piston ring may have a shape that meanders within the groove, such that the shape of the piston ring differs from a shape of the groove and such that the piston ring does not substantially fill the groove. The piston ring may be constructed of a material that when subjected to heat causes a shape of the meanderings to change, thereby enabling the piston ring to expand in an axial direction of the piston, between the edges of the groove.

The honeycomb type heating device includes: a pillar-shaped honeycomb substrate which includes a porous partition wall defining a plurality of cells extending from one end face to the other end face and a circumferential wall surrounding the partition wall; and a plurality of heaters which are disposed adjacently in a circumferential direction of an outer circumferential face that is an outer surface of the circumferential wall, on the outer circumferential face. Each heater is a resistance heating heater which radiates heat by a current supplied thereto, each heater comes into face-contact with the outer circumferential face, and a ratio of a total area of a portion covered by the heaters of the outer circumferential face with respect to the entire area of the outer circumferential face is 50 to 100%.

In a method of operating a fluid container arrangement, a fill level determination device, used to determine a fill level in a fluid container, checks, when desiring to withdraw fluid from the fluid container, for the presence of a cavity in a fluid contained in a fluid container, and, when the presence of the cavity is affirmative, detects a change in volume of the cavity. The heat output of the heating device is raised, when the volume of the cavity has increased, and the heat output of the heating device is lowered, when the volume of the cavity has decreased.