An internal combustion engine is provided. The internal combustion engine includes a control device, and at least one injector for liquid fuel that includes a discharge opening for the liquid fuel. The at least one injector is connected to a collection volume by means of a line for liquid fuel. Liquid fuel can flow through the line for liquid fuel from the at least one injector to the collection volume. A control element that can be adjusted by the control device via a control signal is also provided. Via the control element, a back pressure in the line for liquid fuel can be adjusted in order to adjust an amount of liquid fuel discharged through the discharge opening of the at least one injector. Also provided is a method for operating an internal combustion engine and an injector.

A variable geometry turbocharger control method includes monitoring parameters of an engine using a plurality of sensors and generating engine state estimates using an engine observer model. The engine observer model represents the intake manifold volume, the exhaust manifold volume, and the charge air cooler volume. The engine state estimates are based on the monitored engine parameters from the plurality of sensors. The method also includes calculating a turbine intake correction factor based on the differences between the measured engine states and the engine state estimates and inputting the turbine intake correction factor to the engine observer model. The method further includes determining a desired turbocharger vane position based on setpoint commands, the monitored engine parameters, the turbine intake correction factor, and the engine state estimates. The method additionally includes adjusting positions of the vanes of the variable geometry turbocharger based on the desired turbocharger vane position.

A method is presented for regulating a filling of an exhaust gas component reservoir of a catalytic converter in the exhaust of an internal combustion engine. Using a first catalytic converter model, an actual fill level of the exhaust gas component reservoir is ascertained. An aging state of the catalytic converter is determined; and a set of model parameters of the first catalytic converter model is allocated to the aging state; the individual model parameters being ascertained by interpolation from basic values of model parameters, the basic values having been determined for at least two different aging states of a catalytic converter of identical design.

A controller having a part for calculating provisional target values of a plurality of control outputs, a reference governor for deriving target values of the control outputs by correcting the provisional target values, and a feedback controller for determining control inputs so that the values of the control outputs approach the target values. The reference governor derives the target values by correcting the provisional target values of the plurality of control outputs using a calculation model which outputs a relationship between the correction amounts from the provisional target values of the plurality of control outputs, by inputting the current values of the state quantities a ratio of the correction amounts from the provisional target values between the plurality of control outputs is set to a predetermined correction ratio. The correction ratio is set based on the values of the operating parameters of the internal combustion engine.

An engine control device includes a model that, based on engine operating condition and first-type operation amount, reproduces at least one index from among various indexes of combustion state of engine, and a processor that executes a process including deciding on second-type operation amount, by optimization using the model so as to treat at least one of the indexes, which are reproduced by the model, as estimated value of control amount, and ensure that the estimated value of the control amount follows control target value, associating the second-type operation amount with the control target value and the engine operating condition, rewriting a learning control table in which operation amount corresponding to the control target value and the engine operating condition is registered, and calculating operation amount according to the learning control table based on the control target value and the engine operating condition.

A method is described for regulating a filling of an exhaust gas component storage of a catalytic converter in the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine, in which an actual fill level of the exhaust gas component storage is ascertained using a first system model, and in which a base lambda setpoint value for a first control loop is predefined by a second control loop. The method is distinguished by the fact that in the second control loop an initial value for the base lambda setpoint value is converted into a fictitious fill level via a system model identical to the first system model, the fictitious fill level being compared with a setpoint value for the fill level output by a setpoint value generator, and the base lambda setpoint value being iteratively changed as a function of the comparison result, if the comparison result indicates a difference between the setpoint value for the fill level and the fictitious fill level, which is greater than a predefined degree, and the base lambda setpoint value not being changed if the comparison result indicates no difference between the setpoint value for the fill level and the fictitious fill level.

Nonwoven abrasive articles comprise a nonwoven abrasive member having an overlayer composition comprising a fatty acid metal salt disposed thereon adjacent to a working surface. The nonwoven abrasive member comprises abrasive particles adhered to a fiber web by a binder. The abrasive particles may be exposed and/or the nonwoven abrasive member may have suitable frictional properties. Methods of making the same are also disclosed.

The invention relates to a method for controlling a filling level of an exhaust gas component accumulator of a catalytic converter (26) in the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine (10), in which an actual filling level (.sub.mod) of the exhaust gas component accumulator is determined with a first catalytic converter model (100). The method is characterized in that a lambda setpoint (.sub.in,set) is formed, wherein a predetermined target fill level (.sub.set,flt) is converted into a base lambda setpoint by means of a second system model (104) which is the reverse of the first catalytic converter model (100), a deviation of the actual fill level (.sub.mod) from the predetermined target fill level (.sub.set,flt) is determined and processed to a lambda setpoint correction value by means of a fill level control unit (124), a sum of the base lambda setpoint value and the lambda setpoint value correction value is formed, and said sum is used to form a correction value, with which fuel metering to at least one combustion chamber (20) of the internal combustion engine (10) is influenced.

Nonwoven abrasive articles comprise a nonwoven abrasive member having an overlayer composition comprising a fatty acid metal salt disposed thereon adjacent to a working surface. The nonwoven abrasive member comprises abrasive particles adhered to a fiber web by a binder. The abrasive particles may be exposed and/or the nonwoven abrasive member may have suitable frictional properties. Methods of making the same are also disclosed.

Techniques for setting a boost target for a turbocharged engine comprise (i) operating the engine in a scavenging mode such that opening of intake and exhaust valves of cylinders of the engine overlap and (ii) while transitioning the engine in/out of the scavenging mode: determining an engine torque request, creating a torque reserve by setting independent targets for throttle inlet pressure (TIP) and intake manifold absolute pressure (MAP), determining a target TIP based on a target total air charge, engine speed, and a previously-determined target engine volumetric efficiency (VE), controlling a wastegate valve based on the target TIP, determining a target MAP based on the engine torque request, and controlling a throttle valve based on the target MAP. During steady-state scavenging operation, the controller calculates a conventional target TIP based on the engine torque request and controls the wastegate valve based on the conventionally calculated target TIP.