According to an embodiment, a braking apparatus for a vehicle is advantageous in that this secures the reliability and backup brake performance of a pedal stroke sensor, so that it is possible to prevent a problem in which the brake performance of the vehicle has an error while the vehicle is driving.

According to an embodiment, a braking apparatus for a vehicle is advantageous in that this secures the reliability and backup brake performance of a pedal stroke sensor, so that it is possible to prevent a problem in which the brake performance of the vehicle has an error while the vehicle is driving.

The invention relates to an FFF printing system (100), the FFF printing system comprising a print head (105), a feeder (91;126) arranged to feed a filament (4) into the print head (105), and a container (801) for storing the filament on one or more filament spools (88). The system also comprises a prefeeder (81) arranged to feed the filament from the spools to the feeder (91;126), and a first flexible tube (D01;102;121) for guiding the filament (4). A filament path length measuring device (1) is arranged to detect a misalignment between the feeder and the prefeeder. Measurement signals are sent to a processing system to correct any misalignment.

Provided are a heart rate detection method and a wearable device. The wearable device includes a casing, a processor installed in the casing, and an optical heart rate sensing module and a distance sensing module connected to the processor and installed on a side of the casing facing a wearing part of a user. The method includes: detecting, by the distance sensing module, a positional relationship between the optical heart rate sensing module and the wearing part of the user to obtain relative position data of the optical heart rate sensing module relative to the wearing part of the user; and adjusting a signal transmission power of the optical heart rate sensing module according to the relative position data, and detecting, by the optical heart rate sensing module, a heart rate of the user.

A phonic wheel having a body and a tooth is disclosed. An embodiment of the phonic wheel includes a body that is configured to rotate about a rotation axis. The tooth is attached to the body. The tooth has a first axial end relative to the rotation axis, a second axial end opposite the first axial end, and a mid portion extending between the first and second axial ends. The mid portion has a substantially axially uniform height from the body. The first axial end has a greater height from the body than the height of the mid portion.

Disclosed are a portable surface characteristics measurement device and a control method thereof. The portable surface characteristics measurement device includes: a roughness sensor configured to convert a signal sensed from a surface of an object during movement of the portable surface characteristics measurement device on the surface of the object into an electric vibration signal; a movement measurement sensor configured to measure a movement physical quantity of the portable surface characteristics measurement device; and a processor configured to change a sampling interval depending on the measured movement physical quantity, and sample the vibration signal in real time, wherein the processor is configured to perform Fourier transform on the sampled vibration signal, and identify a peak frequency band shown in the Fourier-transformed vibration signal as surface roughness information of the object.

Methods and systems of estimating a size of a chip in engine fluid of an engine are provided. One method comprises detecting the chip at a magnetic chip detector immersed in the engine fluid, burning the chip by Joule heating using a single delivery of electric current through the chip via the first and second terminals of the magnetic chip detector, determining an amount of energy consumed to burn the chip, and estimating the size of the chip based on the amount of energy consumed to burn the chip.

Methods and systems of estimating a size of a chip in engine fluid of an engine are provided. One method comprises detecting the chip at a magnetic chip detector immersed in the engine fluid, burning the chip by Joule heating using a single delivery of electric current through the chip via the first and second terminals of the magnetic chip detector, determining an amount of energy consumed to burn the chip, and estimating the size of the chip based on the amount of energy consumed to burn the chip.

An apparatus for tensioning a fastener while measuring displacement of the fastener relative to a female threaded member may include a driver extension having an interior channel aligned along the extension's central cylindrical axis, open to a socket driver at an output end of the driver. The apparatus may further include a measurement probe in the interior channel, coupled to a measurement indicator on an exterior of the extension by a coupling that moves the measurement indicator in proportion to movement of the measurement probe and a measurement gauge coupled to an exterior of the driver extension that gauges displacement of the measurement indicator. A method for using the apparatus includes driving a female threaded member along a threaded rod by the driver extension while holding the measurement probe against an end of a bolt, screw, or other threaded fastener of which the threaded rod forms a part and while reading the measurement gauge.

A wireline width measuring apparatus and associated method which may be used to measure static and dynamic fracture width in fractures used for energy storage, water injection, or hydrocarbon production. In one embodiment, the method comprises determining a depth of the formation fracture, determining the depth of the bottom of the wellbore, positioning a caliper tool string comprising a caliper apparatus at the bottom of the wellbore, wherein the caliper apparatus is positioned at a depth capable of measuring movement of a window cut into a casing of the wellbore at the depth of the formation fracture, inflating the fracture by injecting a fluid into the fracture, uninflating the fracture by producing the fluid from the fracture, and measuring movement of the window cut into the wellbore while the fracture is inflated and uninflated.