A system for measuring a tread of a tire can include a nonmagnetic layer, a frame, and a housing. The nonmagnetic layer can provide a drive-over surface adapted to receive the tire thereon including the tread to be measured. The frame can have a magnet and a magnetic sensor coupled thereto. The housing can include a cavity therein. The frame with the magnet and the magnetic sensor can be mounted in the cavity. The nonmagnetic layer can be provided on the housing and on the frame.

A system for measuring a tread of a tire can include a nonmagnetic layer, a frame, and a housing. The nonmagnetic layer can provide a drive-over surface adapted to receive the tire thereon including the tread to be measured. The frame can have a magnet and a magnetic sensor coupled thereto. The housing can include a cavity therein. The frame with the magnet and the magnetic sensor can be mounted in the cavity. The nonmagnetic layer can be provided on the housing and on the frame.

Repaired rotors are provided. The rotors are repaired by using an indenter apparatus for plastically straining original portions of the rotor and adjacent repair welds. The weld nugget, adjacent heat affected zones, and the adjacent parent-metal portions or new metal portions, are indented at a weld nugget and heat affected zone, to produce threshold levels of uniform plastic strain which meet or exceed plastic strain levels that provide, when the weld nugget and heat affected zone is heat treated, a recrystallized grain structure metallurgically comparable to the grain structure of the original parent-metal of the rotor. Repaired integrally bladed rotors for gas turbine engines, such as aircraft engines, are provided. Blades for gas turbine engines, including integrally bladed rotors, may be advantageously provided, having been manufactured or repaired as described.

Repaired rotors are provided. The rotors are repaired by using an indenter apparatus for plastically straining original portions of the rotor and adjacent repair welds. The weld nugget, adjacent heat affected zones, and the adjacent parent-metal portions or new metal portions, are indented at a weld nugget and heat affected zone, to produce threshold levels of uniform plastic strain which meet or exceed plastic strain levels that provide, when the weld nugget and heat affected zone is heat treated, a recrystallized grain structure metallurgically comparable to the grain structure of the original parent-metal of the rotor. Repaired integrally bladed rotors for gas turbine engines, such as aircraft engines, are provided. Blades for gas turbine engines, including integrally bladed rotors, may be advantageously provided, having been manufactured or repaired as described.

A method and system for estimating surface roughness of a ground for an off-road vehicle to control an implement comprises detecting motion data of an off-road vehicle traversing a field or work site during a sampling interval. A first sensor is adapted to detect pitch data of the off-road vehicle for the sampling interval to obtain a pitch acceleration. A second sensor is adapted to detect roll data of the off-road vehicle for the sampling interval to obtain a roll acceleration. An electronic data processor or surface roughness index module determines or estimates a surface roughness index based on the detected motion data, pitch data and roll data for the sampling interval. The surface roughness index can be displayed on the graphical display to a user or operator of the vehicle.

A method and system for estimating surface roughness of a ground for an off-road vehicle to control an implement comprises detecting motion data of an off-road vehicle traversing a field or work site during a sampling interval. A first sensor is adapted to detect pitch data of the off-road vehicle for the sampling interval to obtain a pitch acceleration. A second sensor is adapted to detect roll data of the off-road vehicle for the sampling interval to obtain a roll acceleration. An electronic data processor or surface roughness index module determines or estimates a surface roughness index based on the detected motion data, pitch data and roll data for the sampling interval. The surface roughness index can be displayed on the graphical display to a user or operator of the vehicle.

A belt extends along a longitudinal axis and is delimited by two sides opposite one another, by a back surface and by a front surface, which is opposite the back surface, is provided with at least one tooth and is designed to cooperate in contact with a transmission wheel; the belt has at least one wear indicator defined by an element comprising ferromagnetic material, which is embedded in an intermediate portion of the tooth.

A method for determining depth of a material is disclosed. The method includes transmitting a signal from an antenna at a location. The signal includes a fundamental frequency and the signal penetrates ground under the location. The location is selected to locate a material at a depth under the location. The fundamental frequency matches a known resonant frequency of a resonant atom of a molecule of the material. The method includes detecting a reflected wave on the antenna, determining a time difference between transmission of the signal and detection of the reflected wave on the antenna, and determining the depth to the material based on the time difference and a reflected velocity corresponding to the resonant atom.

A method for determining depth of a material is disclosed. The method includes transmitting a signal from an antenna at a location. The signal includes a fundamental frequency and the signal penetrates ground under the location. The location is selected to locate a material at a depth under the location. The fundamental frequency matches a known resonant frequency of a resonant atom of a molecule of the material. The method includes detecting a reflected wave on the antenna, determining a time difference between transmission of the signal and detection of the reflected wave on the antenna, and determining the depth to the material based on the time difference and a reflected velocity corresponding to the resonant atom.

A method for use in measuring a property of an environment or an object in, or adjacent to, an elongated space (10), comprises unspooling and/or spooling a line (6) attached to a tool (4) so as to move the tool along an elongated space. The method may comprise using the tool to measure a property of an environment or an object in, or adjacent to, an elongated space during movement of the tool along the elongated space. The method may comprise, determining an acceleration of the line, measuring an acceleration of the tool along the elongated space, and controlling damping of the movement of the tool along the elongated space according to the measured acceleration of the tool and the determined acceleration of the line. The elongated space may be located downhole or may be defined in, or adjacent to, an oil or gas well.