A method for estimating at least one ring-related parameter related to at least one piston ring may include estimating a bore distortion of a cylinder bore. The bore distortion may include a plurality of bore distortions corresponding to a plurality of respective piston locations within the cylinder bore. The method may also include receiving the bore distortion in a ring performance model configured to dynamically estimate a plurality of ring-related parameters associated with combustion in the cylinder bore during operation of the internal combustion engine. The ring performance model may be configured to receive a static data signal indicative of static parameters and a dynamic data signal indicative of dynamic parameters related to operation of the internal combustion engine. The ring performance model may be configured to estimate at least one ring-related parameter related to at least one piston ring during operation of the internal combustion engine.

A method for estimating at least one ring-related parameter related to at least one piston ring may include estimating a bore distortion of a cylinder bore. The bore distortion may include a plurality of bore distortions corresponding to a plurality of respective piston locations within the cylinder bore. The method may also include receiving the bore distortion in a ring performance model configured to dynamically estimate a plurality of ring-related parameters associated with combustion in the cylinder bore during operation of the internal combustion engine. The ring performance model may be configured to receive a static data signal indicative of static parameters and a dynamic data signal indicative of dynamic parameters related to operation of the internal combustion engine. The ring performance model may be configured to estimate at least one ring-related parameter related to at least one piston ring during operation of the internal combustion engine.

Discussed is a battery swelling inspection apparatus including a first plate configured in a plate shape; a second plate configured in a plate shape and located to face the first plate; a fixing frame configured such that a portion of the first plate and a portion of the second plate are fixedly coupled thereto; a plurality of pressure measuring elements fixedly coupled to the first plate, having a head located to face the second plate, and configured to measure a pressure applied to the head, respectively; and a plurality of pressing members configured to have a second surface in a flat shape so that the second surface faces the second plate and have a first surface that is at least partially attached to the head of each of the plurality of pressure measuring elements.

Discussed is a battery swelling inspection apparatus including a first plate configured in a plate shape; a second plate configured in a plate shape and located to face the first plate; a fixing frame configured such that a portion of the first plate and a portion of the second plate are fixedly coupled thereto; a plurality of pressure measuring elements fixedly coupled to the first plate, having a head located to face the second plate, and configured to measure a pressure applied to the head, respectively; and a plurality of pressing members configured to have a second surface in a flat shape so that the second surface faces the second plate and have a first surface that is at least partially attached to the head of each of the plurality of pressure measuring elements.

A tip gap monitoring system for a ducted aircraft having a proprotor system including a duct and a plurality of proprotor blades includes sensors coupled to the proprotor system. The sensors are configured to detect one or more parameters of the proprotor system to form a plurality of sensor measurements. The tip gap monitoring system also includes a flight control computer in data communication with the sensors. The flight control computer includes a tip gap measurement module configured to determine a tip gap distance between the duct and the proprotor blades based on the sensor measurements.

According to one aspect, this disclosure describes a novel indirect weight sensing device, systems, and related processes. In at least one embodiment, the present systems include one or more springs with known properties, at least one metal plate on which the springs are fastened and through which the container load is transferred from the container to the ground, a spring deformation sensor by which spring deformation is reckoned, a digital level by which general orientation of the upper plate is determined relative to the ground, a computing unit to collect and process data from the spring deformation sensor and digital level, and an antenna or other such hardware to wirelessly connect to another device and interface with the computing unit.

According to an aspect of the present disclosure, there may be provided a battery system including a plurality of battery cells, polyurethane (PU) foam arranged between the plurality of battery cells, a strain gauge disposed on a side surface of the battery cell, a cell management controller (CMC) that converts a signal received from the strain gauge and transmits the converted signal to a battery management system (BMS), and the BMS that determines a state of the battery cell through the signal received from the CMC, wherein the BMS determines that a swelling phenomenon occurs when the signal input to the CMC is transmitted to the BMS and a time during which a value of the signal exceeds a set limit value continues for a set time or more due to a resistance value converted by the strain gauge, and thus an automatic coping operation is implemented, and the BMS is normally operated when the time during which the value of the signal transmitted to the BMS exceeds the set limit value is not greater than the set time.

According to an aspect of the present disclosure, there may be provided a battery system including a plurality of battery cells, polyurethane (PU) foam arranged between the plurality of battery cells, a strain gauge disposed on a side surface of the battery cell, a cell management controller (CMC) that converts a signal received from the strain gauge and transmits the converted signal to a battery management system (BMS), and the BMS that determines a state of the battery cell through the signal received from the CMC, wherein the BMS determines that a swelling phenomenon occurs when the signal input to the CMC is transmitted to the BMS and a time during which a value of the signal exceeds a set limit value continues for a set time or more due to a resistance value converted by the strain gauge, and thus an automatic coping operation is implemented, and the BMS is normally operated when the time during which the value of the signal transmitted to the BMS exceeds the set limit value is not greater than the set time.

There is disclosed an electrical device including a battery, and a battery management system. The battery management system includes a controller in electrical communication with a pressure sensor to monitor the state of health of the battery. The controller applies a method for determining the state of health that uses a non-electrical (mechanical) signal of force measurements combined with incremental capacity analysis to estimate the capacity fading and other health indicators of the battery with better precision than existing methods. The pressure sensor may provide the force measurement signal to the controller, which may determine which incremental capacity curve based on force to use for the particular battery. The controller then executes a program utilizing the data from the pressure sensor and the stored incremental capacity curves based on force to estimate the capacity fading and signal a user with the state of health percentage.

A deterioration determination apparatus according to one or more embodiments may include: an information obtainment unit configured to obtain information on deformation of a suction portion that is configured to hold an object by suction with negative pressure and elastically deforms by the negative pressure; and a deterioration determination unit configured to determine whether or not the suction portion has deteriorated, depending on the deformation of the suction portion occurring when the suction portion holds the object by suction.