An electromagnetic wave detection apparatus comprises a first image formation unit, a travel unit 18, a second image formation unit, and a first detector. The travel unit 18 includes a plurality of pixels px arranged along a reference surface. The electromagnetic wave detection apparatus has at least one of: an arrangement in which respective extension surfaces of the reference surface and a detection surface of the first detector intersect each other and a main axis of the second image formation unit intersects the reference surface and the detection surface of the first detector; and an arrangement in which respective extension surfaces of the reference surface and an object surface of the first image formation unit whose spacing to the travel unit is set and whose image surface is the reference surface intersect each other and a main axis of the first image formation unit intersects the reference surface.

A device for determining the temperature conductivity, the heat capacity and/or the thermal conductivity of a material sample. The device has a light emitter for exposing a front side of the sample to a light energy beam and a radiation detector for determining the temperature rise at a rear side of the sample facing away from the front side by detecting the radiation emitted there as a function of temperature, and a sample holder for holding the sample in a defined position.

A device for determining the temperature conductivity, the heat capacity and/or the thermal conductivity of a material sample. The device has a light emitter for exposing a front side of the sample to a light energy beam and a radiation detector for determining the temperature rise at a rear side of the sample facing away from the front side by detecting the radiation emitted there as a function of temperature, and a sample holder for holding the sample in a defined position.

An image forming apparatus includes a housing and a first process cartridge. The first process cartridge is attachable to and detachable from the housing. The first process cartridge includes a first photosensitive drum, a first developing roller, and a developing frame. The developing frame has a toner inlet opening. The toner cartridge has a toner supply opening. The toner cartridge is positioned above the developing frame such that the toner supply opening and the toner inlet opening face with each other in upward/downward direction. In the state where the first process cartridge to which the toner cartridge is attached is attached to the housing, the toner cartridge is incapable of being detached from the first process cartridge. In a state where the first process cartridge to which the toner cartridge is attached is detached from the housing, the toner cartridge is detachable from the first process cartridge.

An image forming apparatus includes a housing and a first process cartridge. The first process cartridge is attachable to and detachable from the housing. The first process cartridge includes a first photosensitive drum, a first developing roller, and a developing frame. The developing frame has a toner inlet opening. The toner cartridge has a toner supply opening. The toner cartridge is positioned above the developing frame such that the toner supply opening and the toner inlet opening face with each other in upward/downward direction. In the state where the first process cartridge to which the toner cartridge is attached is attached to the housing, the toner cartridge is incapable of being detached from the first process cartridge. In a state where the first process cartridge to which the toner cartridge is attached is detached from the housing, the toner cartridge is detachable from the first process cartridge.

In one aspect, a method of determining lateral edges of an asphalt mat deposited by a paving machine includes obtaining thermal image data of the asphalt mat at a thermal measuring device associated with the paving machine, and determining, on the paving machine, the lateral edges of the asphalt mat based on a threshold temperature value and the thermal image data. Other aspects include a method of generating a thermal map of an asphalt mat formed by paving machine, and a system for determining lateral edges of an asphalt mat deposited by a paving machine.

In one aspect, a method of determining lateral edges of an asphalt mat deposited by a paving machine includes obtaining thermal image data of the asphalt mat at a thermal measuring device associated with the paving machine, and determining, on the paving machine, the lateral edges of the asphalt mat based on a threshold temperature value and the thermal image data. Other aspects include a method of generating a thermal map of an asphalt mat formed by paving machine, and a system for determining lateral edges of an asphalt mat deposited by a paving machine.

A proximity sensor comprising: a loop comprising an outer surface and an inner surface, at least a portion of the inner surface being a reflective surface; a light emitter positioned to emit light onto the reflective surface; a light detector positioned to preferentially receive light emitted from the light emitter and reflected from the reflective surface; and a processor that is configured, responsive to a set of instructions stored in a memory, to determine a degree of proximity of an object to the inner surface of the loop responsive to a reduction in an intensity of light emitted from the light emitter that is received by the light detector.

A proximity sensor comprising: a loop comprising an outer surface and an inner surface, at least a portion of the inner surface being a reflective surface; a light emitter positioned to emit light onto the reflective surface; a light detector positioned to preferentially receive light emitted from the light emitter and reflected from the reflective surface; and a processor that is configured, responsive to a set of instructions stored in a memory, to determine a degree of proximity of an object to the inner surface of the loop responsive to a reduction in an intensity of light emitted from the light emitter that is received by the light detector.

A tire temperature monitoring system, method, and associated devices for installation into a vehicle. The system and method adapted to determine the optimal tire temperature for increased vehicle performance through the collection of tire temperature, various external conditions, historical data, and predictive algorithms to inform a user to the optimal temperature through a visual display.