A method of determining stress within a composite structure is provided which includes coupling a sensor to a composite structure under load having embedded therein a plurality of particles, wherein the particles at room temperature are paraelectric or ferroelectric, transmitting an electromagnetic radiation to the sensor, thereby generating an electromagnetic field into the composite structure, sweeping frequency from a first frequency to a second frequency in a pulsed manner, receiving reflected power from the composite structure, determining the resonance frequency of the sensor, and translating the resonance frequency of the sensor to stress within the composite structure.

A method of determining stress within a composite structure is provided which includes coupling a sensor to a composite structure under load having embedded therein a plurality of particles, wherein the particles at room temperature are paraelectric or ferroelectric, transmitting an electromagnetic radiation to the sensor, thereby generating an electromagnetic field into the composite structure, sweeping frequency from a first frequency to a second frequency in a pulsed manner, receiving reflected power from the composite structure, determining the resonance frequency of the sensor, and translating the resonance frequency of the sensor to stress within the composite structure.

According to the embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided a sensor for detecting a temperature. The sensor comprises a switch circuit; a charge/discharge circuit connected to the switch circuit, and configured to be charged and discharged under control of the switch circuit; a sensing circuit connected to the charge/discharge circuit, and configured to cause a charge/discharge period of the charge/discharge circuit to change with a temperature of the sensing circuit; and an oscillation circuit connected to the switch circuit and the charge/discharge circuit, and configured to generate, under action of the charge/discharge circuit, an oscillation signal for controlling the switch circuit, wherein an oscillation frequency of the oscillation signal is dependent on the charge/discharge period and thus indicates the temperature of the sensing circuit. In addition, the embodiments of the present disclosure further provide an array substrate and display comprising the sensor, and a corresponding voltage adjustment method.

Determining the ratio between two frequencies can be a useful electronic building block in different electronic circuits with very divers functionalities. The invention comprises a circuit for determining a frequency ratio between a first input signal having a first frequency and a second input signal having a second frequency, wherein the circuit comprises: a controlled fractional frequency divider arranged for generating a divided signal having a divided frequency being substantially the first frequency divided by a control signal; a frequency phase detector arranged for generating a phase difference signal based on a frequency phase difference between the divided frequency of the divided signal and the second frequency of the second input signal; and a loop filter arranged for generating the control signal based on the phase difference signal; wherein a loop is formed by the controlled fractional frequency divider, the divided signal, the frequency phase detector, the phase difference signal, the loop filter and the control signal; wherein the loop filter filters the phase difference signal such that instability of the loop is prevented; and wherein the control signal, preferably the magnitude of the control signal, is indicative of the frequency ratio.

Determining the ratio between two frequencies can be a useful electronic building block in different electronic circuits with very divers functionalities. The invention comprises a circuit for determining a frequency ratio between a first input signal having a first frequency and a second input signal having a second frequency, wherein the circuit comprises: a controlled fractional frequency divider arranged for generating a divided signal having a divided frequency being substantially the first frequency divided by a control signal; a frequency phase detector arranged for generating a phase difference signal based on a frequency phase difference between the divided frequency of the divided signal and the second frequency of the second input signal; and a loop filter arranged for generating the control signal based on the phase difference signal; wherein a loop is formed by the controlled fractional frequency divider, the divided signal, the frequency phase detector, the phase difference signal, the loop filter and the control signal; wherein the loop filter filters the phase difference signal such that instability of the loop is prevented; and wherein the control signal, preferably the magnitude of the control signal, is indicative of the frequency ratio.

A calibration method of a temperature sensor is provided. The temperature sensor having a current source and a ring oscillator generating a square pulse signal with a temperature-dependent square pulse frequency. The acquisition of a first square pulse frequency measurement at a first temperature from the square pulse signal forms a first measurement point. A second square pulse frequency measurement at a second temperature from the second square pulse signal forms a second measurement point. The determination of the relation data being representative of an affine relation between square pulse frequency measurements and temperatures. The affine relation being defined by a used proportionality coefficient modified with respect to a measured proportionality coefficient of a measured affine relation linking the first measurement point and the second measurement point.

According to one embodiment, a sensor includes a first detection element, and a processing part. The first detection element includes a base body, a first supporter fixed to the base body, a first movable part, first and second counter conductive parts. The first movable part is supported by the first supporter and separated from the base body. The first movable part includes a first movable base part supported by the first supporter, a second movable base part connected with the first movable base part, a first movable beam including a first beam, and a second movable beam including a second beam. The first beam includes a first end portion and a first other end portion. The second beam includes a second end portion and a second other end portion. The first counter conductive part faces the first movable beam. The second counter conductive part faces the second movable beam.

Tires formed of one or more tire plies are disclosed. In some implementations, tire plies may include a temperature sensor that may detect a temperature of a respective tire ply. The temperature sensor may include one or more split-ring resonators (SRRs), each having a resonance frequency that changes in response to one or more of a change in an elastomeric property or a change in the temperature of a respective one or more tire plies. In some aspects, the temperature sensor may include an electrically-conductive layer dielectrically separated from a respective one or more SRRs.

Tires formed of one or more tire plies are disclosed. In some implementations, tire plies may include a temperature sensor that may detect a temperature of a respective tire ply. The temperature sensor may include one or more split-ring resonators (SRRs), each having a resonance frequency that changes in response to one or more of a change in an elastomeric property or a change in the temperature of a respective one or more tire plies. In some aspects, the temperature sensor may include an electrically-conductive layer dielectrically separated from a respective one or more SRRs.

A vibration device includes a quartz substrate including a first vibration section, a second vibration section, and a third vibration section, a pair of first excitation electrodes formed at two principal surfaces of the quartz substrate, a pair of second excitation electrodes so formed as to sandwich the second vibration section in the thickness direction of the quartz substrate, and a pair of third excitation electrodes so formed as to sandwich the third vibration section in the thickness direction of the quartz substrate. At least one of the pair of second excitation electrodes is formed at a first inclining surface that inclines with respect to the two principal surfaces. At least one of the pair of third excitation electrodes is formed at a second inclining surface that inclines with respect to the two principal surfaces. The second inclining surface inclines with respect to the first inclining surface.