Systems for determining GW/SW interaction are provided. The systems can include: a sensing assembly comprising sensors for pressure, fluid conductivity, temperature, and transfer resistance; processing circuitry operatively coupled to the sensing assembly and configured to receive data from the sensing assembly and process the data to provide a GW/SW interaction, wherein the data includes pressure, fluid conductivity, temperature, transfer resistance data. Methods for determining GW/SW interaction are provided. The methods can include: receiving real time data including pressure, fluid conductivity, temperature, and transfer resistance; from at least some of the data received simulating the SW/GW interaction; and fitting the real time data with the simulated data to provide actual SW/GW interaction.

An apparatus for measuring temperature in a layered environment includes an ultrasound transducer positioned perpendicular to an exterior surface of a first layer. The ultrasound transducer is in communication with a computer processor, power source, and computer-readable memory. The processor is configured to: measure a thickness of the first layer; measure an exterior surface temperature of the first layer; calculate an impedance of the first layer based on the thickness and the exterior surface temperature; and calculate an interior surface temperature of the first layer based on the impedance and the exterior surface temperature of the first layer.

The present disclosure describes methods and apparatus for remote sensing with data analytics. The methods and apparatus have many applications including monitoring the quality of grain during storage and/or transport. The present disclosure describes a way to collect temperature and other environmental data to describe and predict quality of stored grains, current and future, based on a myriad factors including fumigation, external temperature and humidity, in storage grain temperature and humidity.

To provide a new temperature distribution evaluation method, a temperature distribution evaluation device, and a soaking range evaluation method, as the temperature distribution evaluation method which evaluates a temperature distribution of a heating area 40A provided in a heating device 40, the present invention is a temperature distribution evaluation method which, in the heating area 40A, heats a semiconductor substrate 10 and a transmitting and receiving body 20 for transporting a raw material to and from the semiconductor substrate 10, and evaluates a temperature distribution of the heating area 40A on the basis of a substrate thickness variation amount A of the semiconductor substrate 10. Accordingly, temperature distribution evaluation can be implemented for a high temperature area at 1600-2200° C. or the like at which it is hard to evaluate the temperature distribution due to the limit of a thermocouple material.

The present disclosure describes methods and apparatus for remote sensing with data analytics. The methods and apparatus have many applications including monitoring the quality of grain during storage and/or transport. The present disclosure describes a way to collect temperature and other environmental data to describe and predict quality of stored grains, current and future, based on a myriad factors including fumigation, external temperature and humidity, in storage grain temperature and humidity.

A system for correcting an air temperature (AT) reading can include a water content sensor configured to measure a water content in an airflow and to output a water content signal indicative thereof, an AT sensor configured to measure an air temperature and output an AT signal indicative thereof, and a correction module operatively connected to the water content sensor and the AT sensor. The correction module can be configured to receive the water content signal and the AT signal and to correct the AT signal based on the water content to output a corrected AT signal.

In a device that measures biopotentials of cells in a solution, the solution is controlled at a constant temperature. A measurement device includes a substrate, a sensing control circuit, a temperature sensor, a front surface side heat radiating unit, a back surface side heat radiating unit, and a temperature control unit. A plurality of electrodes each detecting a potential in the solution is arranged on the front surface of the substrate. The sensing control circuit is arranged on the substrate and controls detection of potentials at the plurality of electrodes. The temperature sensor is arranged on the substrate and detects a temperature of the solution. The front surface side heat radiating unit is arranged on the front surface side of the substrate and radiates heat. The back surface side heat radiating unit is arranged on the back surface side that is a surface different from the front surface of the substrate, and radiates heat. The temperature control unit controls the temperature of the solution on the basis of the temperature detected by the temperature sensor.

In a device that measures biopotentials of cells in a solution, the solution is controlled at a constant temperature. A measurement device includes a substrate, a sensing control circuit, a temperature sensor, a front surface side heat radiating unit, a back surface side heat radiating unit, and a temperature control unit. A plurality of electrodes each detecting a potential in the solution is arranged on the front surface of the substrate. The sensing control circuit is arranged on the substrate and controls detection of potentials at the plurality of electrodes. The temperature sensor is arranged on the substrate and detects a temperature of the solution. The front surface side heat radiating unit is arranged on the front surface side of the substrate and radiates heat. The back surface side heat radiating unit is arranged on the back surface side that is a surface different from the front surface of the substrate, and radiates heat. The temperature control unit controls the temperature of the solution on the basis of the temperature detected by the temperature sensor.

A method of detecting removal of a maintenance hatch includes transmitting an optical pulse along an optical fiber, wherein a first portion of the optical fiber is proximate to the maintenance hatch. The method further includes detecting backscatter light from the optical fiber using a sensor. The method further includes determining information related to the first portion of the optical fiber based on a comparison of the detected backscatter light and a trained model. The method further includes identifying whether the maintenance hatch has been removed based on the determined information.

Apparatus and associated methods relate to measuring temperature of a fluid within a hydraulic vessel using a temperature probe that has an annular recess circumscribing a projecting sensor tip. The annular recess is configured to permit fluid flow into an aperture region of a vessel wall through which the temperature probe contacts the fluid within the hydraulic vessel. Because the temperature probe projects from the annular recess within the aperture, a net projection dimension, as measured in a projection direction from an interior surface of the vessel wall proximate the aperture to a sensor, is less than a gross projection dimension, as measured in the projection direction from a bottom of the annular recess to the sensor tip. In some embodiments, this configuration advantageously improves a ratio of thermal conductivity between the fluid and the temperature probe and thermal conductivity between the temperature probe and a sensor housing.