A method for determining a temperature of an object includes contacting the object with a first electrical conductor. A difference in electronegativity between the object and the first electrical conductor is greater than a predetermined value. The method also includes contacting the object or a substrate on which the object is positioned with a second electrical conductor. A difference in electronegativity between the object or the substrate and the second electrical conductor is less than the predetermined value. The method also includes connecting the first and second electrical conductors together. The method also includes measuring the temperature of the object using the first and second electrical conductors. The first and second electrical conductors form at least a portion of a thermocouple.

Disclosed are a temperature measurement circuit and method. The circuit includes a first temperature sensing circuit, a second temperature sensing circuit and a data processing unit. The first temperature sensing circuit is configured to generate a first measurement signal for characterizing a temperature based on an inputted first current signal, a magnitude of the first current signal being correlated to temperature. The second temperature sensing circuit is configured to generate a second measurement signal for characterizing the temperature based on an inputted second current signal, the second current signal being independent of temperature. The data processing unit is configured to determine a current temperature based on a first characteristic parameter corresponding to the first measurement signal and a second characteristic parameter corresponding to the second measurement signal.

A thermal sensor in some embodiments comprises two temperature-sensitive branches, each including a thermal-sensing device, such as one or more bipolar-junction transistors, and a current source for generating a current density in the thermal-sensing device to generate a temperature-dependent signal. The thermal sensor further includes a signal processor configured to multiply the temperature-dependent signal from the branches by respective and different gain factors, and combine the resultant signals to generate an output signal that is substantially proportional to the absolute temperature the thermal sensor is disposed at.

A device and method for measuring humidity of a constant flowing sample gas of a combustion process includes transporting the sample gas at a specific temperature above the dew point temperature to a cooling-region having a temperature equal to or lower than a temperature at which water in the sample gas condenses, cooling the sample gas in the cooling-region to at least the condensation temperature, so that water condenses, purging the condensate, determining the temperature of a position in a condensation-region of the cooling-region, and calculating the humidity content of the sample gas based on the determined temperature using calibration data.

Various techniques for implementing resistive temperature sensors that rely on the resistors' temperature sensitivity to provide temperature sensing are disclosed. Temperature sensitive resistors may be implemented in a resistor stack in combination with a resistor stack of resistors that are relatively temperature indifferent. Various temperature sensor circuits implementing these temperature sensitive resistors are also disclosed. A temperature sensor circuit may implement the temperature sensitive resistors along with the resistors that are relatively stable with temperature to output a voltage signal that is indicative of the temperature sensed by the circuit. In some instances, the signal from the temperature sensitive resistors is increased through the use of a feedback resistor loop.

An apparatus for estimating a core body temperature of an object is provided. The apparatus may include a heat flow sensor configured to measure a first heat flux from an object, a first temperature sensor positioned under a thermal conducting material and configured to measure a surface temperature of the object, a second temperature sensor positioned above the thermal conducting material and configured to measure a surface temperature of the thermal conducting material, and a processor configured to obtain a second heat flux by calibrating the first heat flux based on the surface temperature of the object and the surface temperature of the thermal conducting material, and configured to estimate a core body temperature of the object based on the obtained second heat flux and the surface temperature of the object.

A thermal sensor circuit that includes a temperature sensing circuit, an analog to digital converter, a processor, a divider circuit and a digital circuit is introduced. The temperature sensing circuit generates first and second temperature-dependent voltages. The digital to analog converter converts the first and second temperature-dependent voltages to first and second bit streams. The processor generates a third bit stream based on a thermal coefficient. The divider circuit divides one of the first and second bit streams by a denominator value to generate a fourth bit stream, wherein the denominator value is determined according to a bit value of the third bit stream. The digital circuit subtracts the other one of the first and second bit streams from the fourth bit stream to generate an output bit stream. The processor tunes the thermal coefficient until the output bit stream is equivalent to a bit stream of a reference model.

The present disclosure is of an atmospheric characterization system that has a central processing board that has a first and a second communication interface. Further, the atmospheric characterization system further has a first precision temperature sensor that is communicatively coupled to the central processing board via the first communication interface and positioned a distance from a first side of the processing board, wherein the precision temperature measures a first temperature and transfers data indicative of the first temperature to the central processing board. In addition, the atmospheric characterization system has a second precision temperature sensor that is communicatively coupled to the central processing board via the second communication interface and positioned the distance from a second opposing side of the processing board such that the first precision temperature sensor and the second precision temperature sensor are equidistance from the processing board and a distance between the first precision sensor and the second precision sensor is a predetermined distance, r, and the second precision temperature sensor measures a second temperature and transfers data indicative of the second temperature to the central processing board simultaneously with the transferring of the first temperature. Additionally, the atmospheric characterization system has a processor that receives the first temperature and the second temperature and calculates a value indicative of atmospheric turbulence based upon the first temperature and the second temperature, wherein the value indicative of the atmospheric turbulence is used for designing, modifying, calibrating, or correcting an optical system.

An LC oscillator is provided. The LC oscillator includes a single layer inductor disposed within a single layer inlay, wherein the single layer inductor is configured in a spiral pattern within the layer of the inlay, wherein an integrated circuit is mounted on the single layer inlay; and a capacitor included in the integrated circuit, wherein the capacitor is connected to the single layer inductor.

The present disclosure is of an atmospheric characterization system that has a central processing board that has a first and a second communication interface. Further, the atmospheric characterization system further has a first precision temperature sensor that is communicatively coupled to the central processing board via the first communication interface and positioned a distance from a first side of the processing board, wherein the precision temperature measures a first temperature and transfers data indicative of the first temperature to the central processing board. In addition, the atmospheric characterization system has a second precision temperature sensor that is communicatively coupled to the central processing board via the second communication interface and positioned the distance from a second opposing side of the processing board such that the first precision temperature sensor and the second precision temperature sensor are equidistance from the processing board and a distance between the first precision sensor and the second precision sensor is a predetermined distance, r, and the second precision temperature sensor measures a second temperature and transfers data indicative of the second temperature to the central processing board simultaneously with the transferring of the first temperature. Additionally, the atmospheric characterization system has a processor that receives the first temperature and the second temperature and calculates a value indicative of atmospheric turbulence based upon the first temperature and the second temperature, wherein the value indicative of the atmospheric turbulence is used for designing, modifying, calibrating, or correcting an optical system.