Disclosed is an apparatus for quantitively supplying a high-viscosity fluid sample, the apparatus including a cylinder body in which a high-viscosity fluid is to be stored, a cylinder head detachably attached to the cylinder body, a piston configured to slide in a longitudinal direction of the cylinder body, and a cutter disposed below the cylinder head and configured to cut a high-viscosity fluid discharged from the cylinder head.

The present disclosure provides a measuring method for measuring heat distribution of a specific space using an SThM probe, and a method and device for detecting a beam spot of a light source. The method according to an embodiment of the present disclosure is the measuring method for measuring heat distribution of a specific space, the measuring method includes: linearly moving a SThM probe that may measure a temperature change in the specific space; and calculating heat distribution of the specific space using continuous temperature change values obtained from the SThM probe during the moving step. According to the measuring method, and the method and device for detecting a beam spot of a light source, it is possible to map temperature distribution in a small space using a SThM probe and it is possible to accurately detect a beam spot using the temperature distribution.

The invention relates to a self-calibrating calorimeter using electrical substitution comprising means for measuring a plurality of physical values of different types and of different levels. The calorimeter according to the invention comprises a single acquisition card comprising, for each value to be measured, an independent acquisition system comprising processing circuits specific to the value measured.

A switched capacitor amplifier circuit includes an operational amplifier, a first capacitor and a second capacitor each having one end connected to a negative input terminal of the operational amplifier, a first switching circuit configured to connect the other end of the first capacitor and a signal source during a first operation, a second switching circuit configured to connect the other end of the second capacitor and the output terminal of the operational amplifier so as to connect the output terminal and the negative input terminal of the operational amplifier through the second capacitor during the second operation, and an impedance converter circuit configured to convert an output impedance of the signal source into a specified impedance, the impedance converter circuit being connected between the first switching circuit and the other end of the first capacitor.

An energy beam profiler and calorimeter (EPC) is disclosed. The EPC includes a target board having a front surface and a back surface, a first plurality of oscillating heat pipes arranged as columns on a first plate, and a second plurality of oscillating heat pipes arranged as rows on a second plate. The target board is configured to receive an impinging energy beam at the front surface of the target board, and the first plate and second plate are adjacent to and in thermal communication with the back surface of the target board.

The present disclosure includes a sensor element for registering temperature of an object, which includes: a substrate, wherein the substrate includes a platform face, which defines a first plane; a temperature detector, which is applied on a first temperature plane on the substrate and which is embodied to register the temperature of the object, wherein the first temperature plane lies in the first plane or essentially in parallel with the first plane; at least one sensor applied on a first subregion of the substrate for determining a temperature difference within the first subregion; and a passivation, which is applied on the substrate and which covers the substrate, the temperature detector and the sensor for determining the temperature difference, as well as residing in a method for assessing measurement quality of a sensor element of the present disclosure.

Radiotherapy is one of the most effective treatments for cancer and its success depends critically on accurate targeting and delivery of the correct radiation dose. Accurate dosimetry is therefore essential to maintain and improve patient survival rates. However, size and long wait times currently limit water and graphite based calorimeters to standards laboratories leaving field-based dosimetry to ionization chamber measurements which depend upon a reference field-specified calibration factor. It would therefore be beneficial to provide radiotherapy equipment operators a direct approach of clinical reference dosimetry wherein the dosimeter provides increased independence on dose, dose rate, radiation energy, and energy type, etc. It would be further beneficial for such novel clinical dosimeters to be compact, function as secondary standards used routinely for measurements and allow radiotherapy doses to be measured directly and in an absolute manner. According to embodiments of the invention novel compact graphite probe calorimeters are provided.

A system for analyzing laser beam characteristics at field of view extremities in high-speed laser motion systems, wherein the high-speed laser motion systems comprise a laser that generates a non-stationary laser beam and a build platform positioned at a predetermined location relative to the non-stationary laser beam, comprising a known or pre-defined field of view of the laser, wherein the laser beam characteristics are known or determined at a center location of the field of view; and a plurality of pin-hole sensors mounted at the field of view extremities, wherein each pin-hole sensor measures the laser beam characteristics at the field of view extremities, and wherein differences between the laser beam characteristics at the center location and the laser beam characteristics at the field of view extremities are captured and accounted for in the high-speed laser motion system during processing.

A laser-radiation detector is formed from a plurality of layers supported on a substrate. The plurality of layers includes a reflective metal layer and an oriented polycrystalline sensor-layer positioned between the metal layer and the substrate.

Radiotherapy is one of the most effective treatments for cancer and its success depends critically on accurate targeting and delivery of the correct radiation dose. Accurate dosimetry is therefore essential to maintain and improve patient survival rates. However, size and long wait times currently limit water and graphite based calorimeters to standards laboratories leaving field-based dosimetry to ionization chamber measurements which depend upon a reference field-specified calibration factor. It would therefore be beneficial to provide radiotherapy equipment operators a direct approach of clinical reference dosimetry wherein the dosimeter provides increased independence on dose, dose rate, radiation energy, and energy type, etc. It would be further beneficial for such novel clinical dosimeters to be compact, function as secondary standards used routinely for measurements and allow radiotherapy doses to be measured directly and in an absolute manner. According to embodiments of the invention novel compact graphite probe calorimeters are provided.