A method and system are provided with which it is possible to detect non-firing and untimely firing events in internal combustion and, if necessary, the temperature of the gas in the exhaust gas pipe. This is performed in general by measuring the speed of sound and determining the phase angle between the sender and receiver either arranged on different sides of the exhaust gas pipe or on the same side of the exhaust gas pipe. The receiver, depending on the measurement principle, can include one, two, or in special applications three receivers. Additionally, if necessary, it is possible to suppress the structure-borne sound influence on a speed of sound measurement with low cost and high stability.

A temperature sensor assembly having a support tube defining an interior, a temperature sensor having a distal end and a proximal end located within the interior, and, a concentric ring surrounding at least a portion of the temperature sensor and the concentric ring is positioned between the temperature sensor and the support tube for holding the temperature sensor in the support tube.

A temperature measurement system includes at least one grounded thermocouple operable to measure a temperature, a processor in communication with the grounded thermocouple and configured to measure the temperature, and a power supply coupled to the grounded thermocouple and the processor. The power supply is configured to receive a voltage input and generate an isolated voltage. The grounded thermocouple is selectively biased with the isolated voltage from the power supply during a temperature measurement.

A control system for a heating system of an exhaust system is provided. The control system includes at least one electric heater disposed within an exhaust fluid flow pathway, and a control device adapted to receive at least one input selected from the group consisting of mass flow rate of an exhaust fluid flow, mass velocity of an exhaust fluid flow, flow temperature upstream of the at least one electric heater, flow temperature downstream of the at least one electric heater, power input to the at least one electric heater, parameters derived from physical characteristics of the heating system, and combinations thereof. The control device is operable to modulate power to the at least one electric heater based on at least one input.

The invention relates to a method for determining an output temperature of a fluid after flowing through a PTC heater with a PTC heating element. In the method a current of the PTC heating element, a supply voltage of the PTC heating element and a duty cycle of the supply voltage are determined, and the output temperature of the fluid is calculated based on the current (I), the supply voltage and the duty cycle (PWM). The invention also relates to a PTC heater for carrying out the method.

A system for determining an indicated turbine temperature (ITT) for a gas turbine engine includes an engine control system. The engine control system includes a processor in communication with a non-transitory memory storing instructions, which instructions when executed by the processor, cause the processor to: determine a first estimated outlet temperature value for a high-pressure turbine of the gas turbine engine, determine an estimated work ({dot over (W)}.sub.HPT) of the high-pressure turbine, determine an estimated inlet temperature value for the high-pressure turbine using the estimated work ({dot over (W)}.sub.HPT), and determine the ITT by calculating a second estimated outlet temperature value using the estimated inlet temperature value, the second estimated outlet temperature value different than the first estimated outlet temperature value.

The invention relates to a method for manufacturing a temperature sensor with a thermocouple, which includes the following consecutive steps: a) manufacturing a cable with mineral insulator (14) including two thermocouple wires (10, 12) extending along the entire length of the cable with mineral insulator and embedded in a mineral insulator (8); b) stripping one of the ends of the cable with mineral insulator over a length of 2 to 20 mm, preferably less than 15 mm, preferably less than 10 mm, such as to expose the ends of the thermocouple wires; c) connecting the ends (40, 42) of the thermocouple wires thus exposed, such as to constitute a thermocouple hot spot (13); and d) attaching a cap (20) to said cable with mineral insulator so as to protect said hot spot.

A sensor assembly comprising a sensing element with at least one electrical lead extending therefrom. A tube encloses the sensing element and material surrounds the at least one electrical lead and defines a space around the at least one electrical lead so that when temperature gradients create push and pull, the at least one electrical lead moves within the space. The sensor assembly may further comprise a sleeve connected to the tube and surrounding the material. The sleeve may have an intermediate bent portion that the at least one electrical lead passes through, with a braided supply line connected to the leads, the braided supply line being arranged and configured within the bent portion to absorb movement of the two leads from temperature gradients. The lead can also extend through the sleeve forming a sinusoidal shape within the sleeve for absorbing movement resulting from temperature gradients.

A method that determines a correct or an incorrect position of a temperature sensor in an emission control system, the method including: determining a first reference temperature within a first temperature interval; measuring a first temperature with the temperature sensor corresponding to the first temperature interval; determining a second reference temperature within a second temperature interval; measuring a second temperature with the temperature sensor corresponding to the second temperature interval; determining a value for a characteristic parameter based on the first reference temperature, the first measured temperature, the second reference temperature and the second measured temperature; comparing the determined value for the characteristic parameter with a predetermined characteristic parameter threshold value that is based upon the determined operation parameter results for different positions of the temperature sensor for predetermined engine operation characteristics; and based upon the comparison, determining a correct or an incorrect position of the temperature sensor.

A sensor substrate includes an insulating substrate, an electrode disposed on a principal face of the insulating substrate, a resistor wiring section in a form of multiple layers located within the insulating substrate, the multiple layers being disposed in a thickness direction of the insulating substrate, and a widened metallic layer disposed so as to overlap the electrode, as seen in a transparent plan view of the sensor substrate.